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Bureau of Mines Information Circular/1987 




International Regulation of Diesel 
Engine Use Underground: A 
Country-by-Country Synopsis 

By Robert W. Waytulonis and Debra J. Johnson 




UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 




(lUJi/Mda. (Lvwwf ' iU**') 



Information Circular/ 9121 



International Regulation of Diesel 
Engine Use Underground: A 
Country-by-Country Synopsis 

By Robert W. Waytulonis and Debra J. Johnson 




UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
Donald Paul Hodel, Secretary 

BUREAU OF MINES 
Robert C. Horton, Director 






gn 






»»'"■ J 



Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 



Waytulonis, Robert W. 

International regulation of diesel engine use underground. 

(Bureau of Mines information circular; 9121) 

Bibliography; p. 67-69. 

Supt. of Docs, no.: I 28.27:9121. 

1. Mining machinery -Safety regulations. 2. Diesel motor-Safety regulations. I. Johnson, 
DebraJ. II. Title. III. Series: Information circular (United States. Bureau of Mines); 9121. 

TN295.U4 [K1835.M5J 622 s [341.7'632] 86-600362 



CONTENTS 



Page 

Abstract 1 

Introduction 2 

Fuel quality requirements 3 

Emission and temperature control requirements . . 4 
Testing requirements for undiluted exhaust 

emissions 5 

Mine air quality and noise requirements 6 

Air quantity (ventilation) requirements 7 

Requirements for testing mine (ambient) air 

quality and quantity 8 

Acknowledgments 9 

Australia 9 

New South Wales and Queensland 9 

Northern Territory 10 

South Australia 11 

Tasmania 13 

Victoria 13 

Western Australia 14 

Belgium 15 

Canada 16 

Alberta 19 

British Columbia 19 

Manitoba 20 

New Brunswick 22 

Newfoundland 22 

Nova Scotia 23 

Ontario 25 

Quebec 26 

Saskatechewan 27 

Yukon Territory 27 

Chile 28 



Page 

China 30 

Colombia 30 

Federal Republic of Germany 32 

Baden-Wuerttemberg 32 

Bavaria 33 

Lower Saxony 33 

North Rhine- Westphalia 35 

Saarland 37 

Finland 38 

France 39 

Hungary 40 

India 41 

Ireland 43 

Japan 44 

Mexico 46 

New Zealand 47 

Norway 48 

Philippines 49 

Poland 50 

Republic of Korea 52 

Republic of South Africa 52 

Romania 56 

Spain 59 

Sweden 59 

Switzerland 61 

U.S.S.R 62 

United Kingdom 64 

United States 66 

Yugoslavia 66 

References 67 



TABLES 



1. Fuel quality requirements 3 

2. Emission and temperature control requirements 4 

3. Testing requirements for undiluted exhaust emissions 5 

4. Mine air quality and noise requirements 6 

5. Air quantity (ventilation) requirements 7 

6. Requirements for testing mine (ambient) air quality and quantity 8 



UNIT OF MEASURE ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TABLES 1 THROUGH 6 OF THIS REPORT 


°c 


degree Celsius 


L/(s-hp) 


liter per second per horsepower 


cm 


centimeter 


m/min 


meter per minute 


dBA 


decibel (A-weighted) 


m/s 


meter per second 


dm 3 /s 


cubic decimeter per second 


m 3 /min 


cubic meter per minute 


ft 3 


cubic foot 


m 3 /(min • bhp) 


cubic meter per minute 


ft 3 /bhp 


cubic foot per brake 




per brake horsepower 




horsepower 


m 3 /(min-hp) 


cubic meter per minute 


ft 3 /min 


cubic foot per minute 




per horsepower 


ft 3 /(min-bhp) 


cubic foot per minute 


m 3 (min-kW) 


cubic meter per minute 




per brake horsepower 




per kilowatt 


ft 3 /(min-hp) 


cubic foot per minute 


m 3 /s 


cubic meter per second 




per horsepower 


m 3 /(s-kW) 


cubic meter per second 


h 


hour 




per kilowatt 


L/s 


liter per second 


pet 


percent 


L/(s-bhp) 


liter per second per brake horsepower 


ppm 


part per million 



INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF DIESEL ENGINE USE 
UNDERGROUND: A COUNTRY-BY-COUNTRY SYNOPSIS 

By Robert W. Waytulonis 1 and Debra J. Johnson 2 



ABSTRACT 

Mining regulations pertaining to the use of diesel engines were solicited from foreign 
countries with mining operations by the Bureau of Mines. Responses were received from 
27 countries; the information received and U.S. regulations were reviewed, and those 
parts pertaining to the use of diesel engines in underground mining were synopsized ac- 
cording to the following subject categories: types of engines permitted, testing and cer- 
tification procedures, fuel quality specifications, emission control requirements, pro- 
cedures and frequency of testing exhaust gases, mine air quality and quantity (ventila- 
tion) requirements, procedures for testing mine air quality and quantity, and noise stand- 
ards. All categories except the types of engines permitted and testing and certification 
procedures are summarized in tables. Contacts are provided for each country to facilitate 
inquiries concerning regulation revisions or interpretation. 

■Supervisory physical scientist. 
2 Physical science technician. 
Twin Cities Research Center, Bureau of Mines, Minneapolis, MN. 



INTRODUCTION 



Not long after Dr. Rudolph Diesel, a German 
mechanical engineer, patented his first engine in 1892, in- 
ternal combustion engines began to be used to aid extrac- 
tion of minerals from the Earth. Early in the search for 
suitable power sources, the diesel engine was chosen over 
the spark ignition (gasoline) engine for safety reasons. 
Diesel engines have lower CO emissions, diesel fuel is much 
less volatile than gasoline, and the explosion hazards 
associated with a spark ignition system are eliminated. In 
certain applications diesels have advantages over electric- 
powered mine equipment, but diesel engines are not without 
their drawbacks. 

The diesel engines used underground are usually 
derated (governed to less than full power) to reduce produc- 
tion of certain pollutants, and each has its own dilution re- 
quirement with mine ventiliation air. Contaminants such as 
particulate matter, oxides of nitrogen, unburned hydrocar- 
bons, CO, and oxides of sulfur are of concern because these 
compounds are found in diesel exhaust. For many years the 
primary hazard and concern of using fuel burning engines in 
confined spaces such as mines and tunnels was exposure to 
CO emissions. Concern in the United States has since 
shifted to exposures to nitrogen and sulfur oxides emis- 
sions, and most recently diesel exhaust particulate matter 
emissions. 

Health and safety standards for mines in the United 
States are found in Title 30, Mineral Resources, of the Code 
of Federal Regulations (l). 3 Here, the threshold limit values 
(TLV's) of the American Conference of Governmental In- 
dustrial Hygienists (ACGIH) have been adopted to serve as 
standards for many chemical and physical agents found in 
mines. Title 30 also contains the criteria for safety certifica- 
tion, approval (permissibility), and some use guidelines for 
diesel-powered equipment. The safe use of diesel-powered 
mining equipment in underground mines promoted by the 
enforcement of these safety standards is primarily designed 
to prevent fire and explosion hazards. 

Part 36 of title 30 (2) covers permissibility tests for 
equipment used in gassy noncoal mines. Safety and health 
standards for underground metal and nonmetal mines are 
given in part 57 of title 30 (3); part 57.5-1 specifically refers 
to TLV's. General regulations specific to diesel equipment in 
underground coal mines have not yet been established, but 



'Italic numbers in parentheses refer to items in the list of references at the 
end of this report. 



the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) has ap- 
plied part 36 with some modifications. Diesels in coal mines 
are also subject to other parts of title 30; e.g., portions of 
Part 18 (4), Electric Motor-Driven Mine Equipment and Ac- 
cessories, and Part 75 (5), Mandatory Safety Stand- 
ards-Underground Coal Mines. Part 75.301 specifically 
refers to TLV's. Part 31 (6) contains test descriptions and 
use recommendations for diesel locomotives in gassy coal 
mines; part 32 (7) regulates mobile diesel-powered equip- 
ment used in noncoal mines. 

In 1938 (8), 1957 (9), and again in 1981 (10), the Bureau 
of Mines surveyed State regulations pertaining to the use of 
internal combustion engines (particularly diesel engines) 
underground. It was found that the States have a large 
variation in their regulations. Some States have regulations 
more stringent than Federal regulations, whereas some 
States have less stringent regulations or none at all, or they 
defer to Federal regulations. Because safety legislation is 
continuously being changed to suit experience, this interna- 
tional survey has sought to identify areas where regulations 
of other countries differ from Federal regulations of the 
United States, and to perhaps learn from foreign experience 
and provide enlightening technical information concerning 
safe utilization of diesels in mines. 

Sections of the information contained within the text of 
this report have been summarized in tables 1 through 6 for 
purposes of comparing salient features of international 
regulations. Important criteria that were commonly ex- 
pressed in the majority of countries were selected for these 
comparisons. Specifications pertaining to fuel quality, 
engine emission and temperature control, undiluted emis- 
sions measurement, air quality and noise, ventilation, and 
ambient air quality are given. Countries for which the 
available literature did not specify the aforementioned 
criteria were excluded from the appropriate tables. Regula- 
tions and specifications pertaining to the type of engines 
permitted underground and certification procedures are 
highly variable and many times vague; therefore, this infor- 
mation was not usually used (except for the United States) 
in the tabular comparisons. 

Tables 1 through 6 also indicate the type of mines 
governed, i.e., coal, metal and/or nonmetal, gassy, or 
nongassy. If the regulations do not specify a mine type, the 
notation NS (not specified) is given. When a regulation is 
not specific about the mine type, it is unknown whether this 
is indicative of it applying to all mine types. It is possible 



that for these countries, only one specific mine type exists, 
but this information did not usually accompany the 
documents received. In any case, the columns marked in the 
tables are those specifically identified in the documents. The 
number designations used in the text for each country's 
regulations are those appearing in the original documents. 
Special information and unique features are footnoted 
throughout as appropriate. 

It should be noted that it was sometimes difficult to 
summarize information into tables for comparison owing to 
variations in word meanings from that intended, after 
English translation, and the general vagueness of some 
documents received. It is therefore strongly suggested that 
the main text or the foreign contacts be consulted for seem- 
ing contradictions and/or clarification. 



FUEL QUALITY REQUIREMENTS 

Table 1 summarizes the fuel quality requirements for 
diesel engines. Each country regulating fuel quality is listed 
along with the mine type. Flashpoint, sulfur content, and 
cetane number are fuel properties most frequently 
specified. The highest flashpoint specified is 66° C in the 
Philippines, New South Wales, South Australia, and the 
Canadian Province of Nova Scotia. The lowest flashpoint is 
specified in the Yukon Territory at 48° C. Most countries 
specify a maximum sulfur content that ranges from 0.1 to 
1.5 pet by weight. The only countries that specify a 
minimum cetane number for fuel are the Federal Republic 
of Germany, Canada, and Yugoslavia. 



Table 1.— Fuel quality requirements 



Country 



Mine type 



Min flash- 
point, °C 



Max S, 
pet 



Min cetane 
number 



Australia: 

New South Wales 

Northern Territory 

South Australia 

Tasmania 

Victoria 

Western Australia 

Canada: 

National 

British Columbia 

Manitoba 

Newfoundland 

Nova Scotia 

Ontario 

Quebec 

Saskatechewan 

Yukon Territory 

Colombia 

France 

Germany, Fed. Rep. of: 

Bavaria 

Lower Saxony 

North Rhine-Westphalia 

Saarland 

India' 

Mexico 

New Zealand 

Philippines 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

U.S.S.R 

United States 

Do 

Do 

Yugoslavia 



NS 

NS 

Metal-nonmetal 

..do 

..do 

..do 



Coal 

Coal, metal-nonmetal 

NS 

NS 

Coal 

NS 

NS 

Metal-nonmetal 

NS 

Coal 

Gassy 



Nongassy 

. . do 

Hard coal 

. . do 

Coal 

NS 

Coal 

..NS 

..NS 

..NS 

Coal 

Gassy (locomotives) 

Noncoal, metal-nonmetal 

Gassy noncoal 

Nongassy 



66 


<0.1 


NS 


61 


.5 


NS 


66 


.5 


NS 


61 


.5 


NS 


61 


.5 


NS 


61 


.5 


NS 


52 


.2 


40 


52 


NS 


NS 


52 


.5 


NS 


52 


0.25- .5 


NS 


66 


NS 


NS 


52 


.25 


NS 


NS 


.25 


NS 


52 


.5 


NS 


48 


NS 


NS 


55 


NS 


NS 


50 


NS 


NS 


55 


NS 


NS 


55 


.3 


45 


55 


.3 


45 


55 


.3 


45 


60 


.5 


NS 


60 


1.5 


NS 


65.5 


.5 


NS 


66 


.12 


NS 


NS 


.1 


NS 


NS 


.5 


NS 


55 


.2 


NS 


60 


2 .5 


NS 


60 


.5 


NS 


60 


.5 


NS 


60 


.5 


45 



NS Not specified in available literature. 

'Guidelines, not enforced as regulations. 

Recommendations on the use of diesel locomotives underground. 



EMISSION AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL 
REQUIREMENTS 



Table 2 summarizes the regulations for diesel engine 
emission and surface temperature control. CO is universally 
regulated, although the maximum allowable concentration 
in the undiluted exhaust varies from country to country. 
Some of this difference may be due to the test conditions 
used and the type of mine. For example, in gassy noncoal 
mines in the United States, 3,000 ppm is specified with 1.5 
pet CH 4 in the intake air and the engine operated at the con- 
dition where CO is greatest. In nongassy mines the value for 
CO is 2,500 ppm. Except for the U.S. regulations, it is not 



known if the maximum allowable concentrations listed are 
for new engines, overhauled engines, or engines-in-use, 
unless this is otherwise noted. The information in this table 
concerning U.S. criteria is for new engine certification. 
Also, these pollutant levels, at least in the United States, 
are measured prior to the use of any control device. Control 
devices listed are generally those used to control safety 
hazards, i.e., excessive exhaust temperatures and engine 
backfires. Temperature regulations vary among countries 
for both exhaust gases and engine surfaces, even if 
temperature values are grouped according to mine type. 
Coal mine exhaust temperature limits range between 70° 
and 85.3° C. Surface temperature limits in coal mines vary 
between 150° and 200° C. 



Table 2.— Emission and temperature control requirements 



Country 



Mine type 



Max allowable cone 
in undiluted exhaust 

~CO~ NOxV" 

ppm ppm 



Australia: 

New South Wales .... Coal 

Northern Territory . . . Metal-nonmetal .... 

South Australia do 

Tasmania do 

Victoria do 

Western Australia do 

Belgium NS 

Canada: 

British Columbia .... Coal, metal-nonmetal 

Manitoba NS 

Newfoundland NS 

Ontario NS 

Quebec NS 

Saskatchewan Metal-nonmetal .... 

Finland NS 

Germany, Fed. Rep. of: 

Baden-Wuerttemberg NS 

Bavaria NS ... 

Lower Saxony Nongassy 

North Rhine- Coal 

Westphalia. 

Saarland NS 

Hungary NS 

India' Coal 

Ireland NS 

Japan Coal 

Mexico NS 

New Zealand Coal 

Philippines NS 

Poland NS 

Romania NS 

South Africa, Rep. of . . . NS 

Spain NS 

Sweden NS 

USSR Coal 

United Kingdom NS 

United States Locomotives 

specified. 

Do Noncoal 

Do Gassy noncoal 

Yugoslavia Nongassy 



1,500 
1,000 
1,500 
1,000 
2,500 
2,500 
1,200 

1,000 
2,500 
1,500 
1,500 
2,500 
1,500 
1,000 

1,200 
500 
500 
500 

1,200 
2,000 
2,000 
2,000 
1,200 
2,500 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,200 
2,000 
1,500 
800 
5 800 
1,500 
2,500 

2,500 
3,000 
1,200 



1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
2,000 
NS 

NS 
NS 
NS 
NS 
NS 
NS 
NS 

NS 
3 705 
3 750 
V50 

NS 

500 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

NS 

NS 

1,000 

NS 

NS 

5 700 

1,000 

NS 

NS 

6 2,000 

NS 



Smoke' 



( 2 ) 
NS 
NS 
NS 
NS 
NS 
NS 

NS 

NS 
NS 
NS 

( 2 ) 
NS 
3 

NS 

3 3 
3 3 
3 NS 

NS 
NS 
NS 
NS 
NS 
NS 
( 2 ) 
NS 
NS 
2.5 
NS 
NS 
2 

NS 
NS 
NS 

NS 

NS 
NS 



Max allowable 
temperature, °C 
Ex- External 

haust surfaces 



77 
NS 
NS 
NS 
NS 

93 

85 

NS 
NS 

80 
NS 

83 
NS 
NS 

NS 
NS 
NS 
70 

NS 
70 
85.3 

NS 
70 
82 

NS 

NS 
70 

NS 
76.7 

NS 

NS 
70 
70 
71 

71 
71 
NS 



Control devices specified 



NS Not specified in available literature. 

1 Bosch units. 

' Regulation specifies no black smoke. 

3 Concentration specified for a new or overhauled engine. 



4 Guidelines, not enforced as regulations 

5 After clean up of exhaust gases 

6 Specified as equivalent NO, with 1.5 pet CH 



150 


Water-cooled. 


NS 


Scrubber. 


NS 


Do. 


NS 


Scrubber, diffuser. 


NS 


Scrubber. 


NS 


Do. 


150 


Flame trap, water bath. 


NS 


Flame trap (coal only). 


NS 


Flame trap, scrubber. 


NS 


Wet scrubber. 


NS 


NS. 


NS 


NS. 


NS 


Scrubber. 


NS 


Exhaust cleaner. 


NS 


NS. 


NS 


Exhaust gas diffuser. 


NS 


Do. 


200 


Injected water. 


200 


Water spray. 


200 


Scrubber. 


NS 


Flame trap, scrubber. 


NS 


Scrubber, diluter. 


160 


Flame trap, scrubber. 


NS 


NS. 


NS 


Water scrubber. 


NS 


NS. 


200 


Flame trap, scrubber. 


NS 


Water spray. 


204 


Flame trap, water-cooled. 


NS 


NS. 


NS 


NS. 


150 


Injected water, jacket. 


150 


Flame trap, water bath. 


204 


Flame arrestor. 


204 


Do. 


204 


Do. 


NS 


NS. 


julations 




th 1.5 pc 


t CH„ in intake air. 



TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR UNDILUTED 
EXHAUST EMISSIONS 

Table 3 summarizes the test requirements for sampling 
undiluted diesel exhaust emissions; sampling is performed 
either during new engine certification or during specified 
periods during the engine service life. In the United States, 
the information presented pertains to new engine certifica- 
tion. Some countries test after a certain number of engine- 
hours; for example, Romania requires exhaust sample 
analysis to be performed once per 1,200 h of engine use. 



Sweden, Finland, and the Province of Manitoba also have 
set similar "hours-in-service" criteria. Among the different 
countries, frequency of sampling varies from twice per shift 
to once per year. Specific pollutants, sampling frequency, 
sampling location, and test conditions are presented. All the 
countries that sample undiluted exhaust emissions specify 
CO; approximately half of these also specify N0 2 or NO x . 
The sampling locations vary widely, and most of the time 
are not specified. The two engine test conditions that seem 
most prevalent are maximum power and idle. For soot 
determinations, the Bosch smoke number filter test is a 
widely accepted method. 



Country 



Table 3.— Testing requirements for undiluted exhaust emissions 

Mine type 



Exhaust sample 
type 



Sampling 



Frequency 



Location 



Method or test 
conditions 



Australia: 

New South Wales Coal 

Do Metal-nonmetal 

Queensland Coal 

South Australia Metal-nonmetal 

Tasmania do 



NS Monthly NS 

NS Annually NS 

NS Monthly NS 

NS do NS 

CO, NO x do Near exhaust 

manifold. 

. . do CO, NO x Weekly NS 

. . do CO, NO x do NS 



Victoria 

Western Australia . . . 
Canada: 

British Columbia do CO, NO x Twice per week NS 

Manitoba NS CO Once per 80 h use NS 

Newfoundland NS CO Once per shift NS 

Do NS Total analysis Semiannually Scrubber 

exhaust port. 

Nova Scotia Coal CO Monthly NS 



Ontario NS CO Weekly 

Quebec NS CO do . . . 

Saskatchewan Metal-nonmetal .... NS Monthly 



Finland do 

Germany, Fed. Reo. of: 

Baden-Wuerttemberg ... NS CO 

Bavaria Nongassy HC, CO, soot 



CO, soot Once per 150 h use 



NS 

NS 

Upstream of 

scrubber. 

NS 



Drager tube. 

Do. 
NS. 
NS. 
Drager tube. 

NS. 
NS. 

NS. 
NS. 
NS. 
NS. 

NS. 
NS. 
NS. 
NS. 

NS. 



. . . . do NS Test tube. 

. . NS NS Flame ionization de- 
tector, Bosch filter. 

Lower Saxony do CO, spot Once per 3 months NS Bosch filter, test at 

max idle. 

North Rhine-Westphalia . Hard coal CO, NO x N0 2 , . .do Near exhaust Bosch filter. 

soot, HC. manifold. 

Saarland NS C0 2 Once per 4 months NS Full load and idle, 

max rotational 
speed. 

Hungary NS CO, NO x Once per 3 months NS NS. 

India 1 Coal NS Monthly NS Max power and idle. 

Ireland NS General Once per 3 months NS Max speed and load, 

normal idle. 
Japan Coal CO, NO x NS Exhaust gas line . . 4 conditions: CH„ in- 
take specified. 

NS NS 30 cm from ex- NS. 

haust outlet. 

CO, N0 2 , total Monthly, semiannually . NS Max power and idle, 

analysis. no load. 

CO Biweekly NS Pipettes; test at max 

rotational speed. 



Mexico NS 

New Zealand NS 

Poland NS 



Romania NS CO, soot Once per 1 ,200 h use . . . NS Drager tube, Bosch 

test, max rotational 
speed and idle. 

South Africa. Rep. of NS CO, NO x Once per 3 months NS Max power and idle. 

Sweden NS CO, soot Once per 150 h use, Near exhaust Bosch filter, full load 

or once per 2 months. pipe. and rotational 

speed. 

U.S.S.R Coal CO, NO x Twice per shift NS Max idle, 75- and 

100-pct load. 

United Kingdom NS General Once per 3 months NS Max power and idle. 

United States Noncoal, metal- CO, C0 2 , 2 , H„ N 2 . NS NS Min and max speeds. 

nonmetal. 2 NO x , CH„, 3 power outputs, 

aldehydes. 

Yugoslavia Nongassy CO Once per shift Upstream of NS. 

filters. 



NS Not specified in available literature. 
' Guidelines, not enforced as regulations. 



2 Includes gassy noncoal mines and regulations for locomotives in 
gassy mines. 



MINE AIR QUALITY AND NOISE REQUIREMENTS 

Table 4 summarizes the requirements for mine air quali- 
ty and noise. The maximum allowable concentrations in the 
diluted exhaust or (mine air) for specific pollutants are listed 
for each country. In the United States, maximum allowable 
concentrations of N0 2 is listed but is actually calculated as 
"equivalent" N0 2 based on a conservative assumption that 
all oxides of nitrogen measured are in the form of more tox- 
ic N0 2 . The maximum allowable concentrations for CO, 



C0 2 , N0 2 , and minimum 2 are regulated in most countries. 
The minimum 2 level required in mine ambient air ranges 
from 19 to 20 pet. Concentrations of S0 2 and aldehydes are 
regulated in Australia, Canada, Federal Republic of Ger- 
many, Norway, Switzerland, and Yugoslavia. The regula- 
tion for maximum noise exposure does not exceed 95 dBA 
nor go lower than 75 dBA in any country for a standard 8-h 
workday. The noise standards are the most consistent of all 
topics associated with diesel regulation. 



Table 4.— Mine air quality and noise requirements 





Mine type 




Max a 


llowable cone, 


ppm 




Min 

o 2 , 

pet 


Max 

noise,' 

dBA 


Country 


CO 


C0 2 


N0 2 


S0 2 


Alde- 
hydes 


Australia: 

New South Wales 


Coal . 


50 
50 
50 
50 
50 
50 

50 
50 
50 
50 
25 
20 
NS 
100 
20 

50 

50 

30 

50 

50 

50 

NS 

100 

20 

35 

100 

20 

100 

50 

25 

50 

50 

100 

100 

50 

50 


NS 

5,000 
5,000 
5,000 
5,000 
5,000 

5,000 

NS 

5,000 

5,000 

5,000 

5,000 

NS 

5,000 

NS 

NS 

10,000 
5,000 

10,000 
NS 
NS 

10,000 
5,000 
2,500 
5,000 
5,000 

10,000 

5,000 

NS 

5,000 

5,000 

12,500 
5,000 
5,000 
2,500 
5,000 


5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 

5 
5 
3 
3 
2 
3 

NS 
5 

NS 

NS 
5 
5 
5 
7 20 
NS 
NS 
5 
5 
2 
7 25 
2.5 
5 

NS 

2 

5 

NS 

"2.5 

"2.5 

"1.25 

5 


NS 

NS 

NS 

5 

5 

5 

NS 
NS 

2 

2 
NS 

2 
NS 

5 
NS 

NS 

2 

2 

5 

NS 

NS 

NS 

5 

5 

2 

10 

7 

NS 

NS 

NS 

5 

NS 

NS 

NS 

NS 

4 


NS 
NS 
NS 

5 
5 
5 

5 

2 

3 1 

3 1 

NS 

3 1 

NS 

NS 

NS 

NS 
NS 

3 1 
NS 
NS 
NS 
NS 
NS 
NS 

3 1 
NS 
NS 
NS 
NS 
NS 
5 
NS 
NS 
NS 
NS 

10 


19 
19 
20 
20 
20 
20 

20 

20 
NS 
NS 

19 
NS 
NS 

19.5 
NS 

NS 
NS 
NS 

19 
NS 
NS 

19 

20 
NS 

19 
NS 

19 
NS 
NS 

20 
NS 

19 

20 

20 

20 

19 


90 


Queensland 

South Australia 


Coal, metal-nonmetal .... 
Metal-nonmetal 


90 
90 


Tasmania 

Victoria 

Western Australia 

Canada: 

Manitoba 


. . do 

. .do 

. . do 

NS 

NS 

Coal 

NS 

Metal-nonmetal 

NS 

NS 


85 
85 

NS 

2 85 


Newfoundland 

Nova Scotia 2 

Ontario 2 

Saskatchewan 

Yukon Territory 2 

Chile 


2 85 
85 
85 
NS 
90 
85 


Colombia 


Coal 

Gassy 

NS 


85 


France 

Germany, Fed. Rep. of: 

Baden-Wuerttemberg . . . 

North Rhine-Westphalia . 
Do 


85 
NS 


Hard coal 


"83 


Nonhard coal 


5 75 


Hungary 

India 6 

Ireland 


NS 

Coal 

NS 


85 

NS 
NS 


Korea Rep of 


NS . 


NS 


Mexico 


Coal 

NS 


NS 


New Zealand 


NS 


Norway 


NS 


85 


Philippines 


NS 

Coal 

NS 

NS 

NS 

NS 

NS 

Gassy 10 


NS 


Poland 

South Africa, Rep. of 

Spain 


90 
NS 
NS 


Sweden 

Switzerland 6 


85 

8 95, "90 


United Kingdom 


90 


United States 


90 


Do 


Noncoal 


90 


Do . 


Gassy noncoal 


90 


Yugoslavia 


Nongassy 


NS 



NS Not specified in available literature. 
' Noise exposures permissible for 8-h dura- 
tion. 

2 Regulations reference ACGIH TLV, up- 
dated annually. 

3 Formaldehyde. 



* Full run for diesel monorails. 
5 Empty run for diesel monorails. 
"Guidelines, not enforced as regulations. 
7 Specified as NO x (N0 2 + NO). 



8 Excavator. 

9 Transporter. 

10 Regulations specified for locomotives. 
" Total oxides of nitrogen as N0 2 . 



AIR QUANTITY (VENTILATION) REQUIREMENTS 

Table 5 summarizes the air quantity or ventilation re- 
quirements for areas where diesel engines are used. The 
table lists specific ventilation requirements in terms of air 
velocity over equipment, unit volume of air per unit of 
engine power, or flow based on a CO measurement. 
Romania, North-Rhine Westphalia, and Colombia list ven- 
tilation requirements based on dilution of measured ambient 
CO. The Republic of South Africa specifies ventilation in a 
unique way for noncoal mines; the average air velocity at 
working height must be greater than a given air volume 
flow rate, or it can be based on the volume of the working 
space multiplied by a constant. In South African coal mines, 
the volume flow ventilation rate must be at least that 
number calculated from multiplying the mass of coal mined 



per shift times a constant, with a miminum velocity of 0.25 
m/s. In the United States, ventilation rates are calculated 
during equipment certification and based on the amount of 
fresh air needed to dilute either CO, C0 2 , or NO x to one-half 
their TLV when the engine is operated at the condition 
where these pollutants are greatest. This is the quantity of 
fresh air required for a single diesel unit. If two units are 
operating in the same split of ventilation air, the ventilation 
quantity is equal to the sum of the rate for the higher 
horsepower unit plus 75 pet of the rate for the lower 
powered unit. If three or more engines are operating in the 
same split of air, the ventilation quantity is equal to the sum 
of the rate for the highest powered unit plus 75 pet of the 
rate for the next size unit plus 50 pet of the rate for each re- 
maining lower powered unit. 



Table 5.— Air quantity (ventilation) requirements 



Country 



Mine type 



Minimum ventilation requirements 



Australia: 

New South Wales 


Coal 


Queensland 

South Australia 


Metal-nonmetal 

. . do 


Victoria 


. .do 


Western Australia 

Canada: 

Manitoba . . . 


..do 

NS 


Newfoundland 


NS 


Ontario 

Quebec 

Saskatchewan 


NS 

NS 

Metal-nonmetal 


Yukon Territory 


NS 


Chile 


NS 


Colombia 


Coal . 


Germany, Fed. Rep. of: 

Lower Saxony 

North Rhine-Westphalia . . . 


Nongassy 

Hard coal 


Do 


Nonhard coal 


Saarland 


Hard coal 


Do 


Nonhard coal 


India' 


Coal 


Ireland 

Korea, Rep. of 

Mexico 


NS 

Coal 

. .do 


Do 

New Zealand 


NS 

Coal . 


Norway 

Philippines 


NS 

Coal . 


Poland 

South Africa Rep. of 

Do 

Romania 


. .do 

Metal-nonmetal 

Coal 

. .do 


Spain 


NS 


Sweden 


NS . 


Switzerland 


NS 


United States 


Noncoal 


Do 

Do 


Gassy noncoal 

Locomotives (for gassy mines) . 



uu i_uuum 

NS Not specified in available literature. 



10,000 ft 3 /min; 100 ft 3 /(min.bhp) for locomotives. 

2.5 m 3 /s; 0.04 m 3 /(s-kW). 

50 ft 3 /bhp; 5,000 ft 3 + 100 ft 3 /min per person. 

141.5 m 3 /min; 1.4 m 3 /(min«bhp). 

1.9 m 3 /(min-kW); 3.8 m 3 /(min-kW). 

75 ft 3 /(min-hp). 

0.05 m 3 /(s.kW). 

0.06 m 3 /(s.kW). 

5.5 m 3 /(min-kW), or flows from U.S. BuMines schedules 24 and 31. 

3.8 m 3 /(min.kW). 

75 ft 3 /(min.hp). 

3 m 3 /min per person; max velocity, 150 m/min. 

CO <0.12 pet, 6 m 3 /(min.hp); CO <0.08 pet, 4 m 3 /(min.hp). 

3.4 m 3 /(min.kW). 

CO <0.06 pet, 4.1 m 3 /(min.kW); CO <0.08 pet, 5.4 m 3 /(min.kW); 

CO <0.12 pet, 8.2 m 3 /(min.kW). 
2.7 m 3 /(min.kW). 
6 m 3 /(min-hp). 
3 m 3 /(min»hp). 
170 m 3 /min fresh air. 
100 ft 3 /(min.hp). 

3 m 3 /min per person; velocity <450 m/s. 
50 L/s per worker + 200 U(S'hp). 

2.121 m 3 /(min-hp), or 15.24 m/min velocity. 

10,000 ft 3 /min in airway. 

Flow =0.65 (load capacity) (cone/norm) + 17.2 (oil consumption). 

2 m 3 /min, or 75 ft 3 /min per rated horsepower at max. 

Flow =62.5 (quantity CO) + 50 m 3 /min or 100 (quantity CO). 

Av air velocity >0.25 m/s over working height, or >150 dm 3 /s for each 

square meter of space. 
Flow >25 dm 3 /s times metric tons coal mined per shift; velocity >0.25 m/s. 
CO <0.06 pet, 3 m 3 /min; CO <0.08 pet, 4 m 3 /min; CO <0.12 pet, 6 m 3 /min. 
180 L/(s-bhp). 
Flow =0.27 m 3 /s (power rating) (specific air requirement) (load factor)/3,600. 

4 m 3 /min. 

Determined in approval tests for each vehicle. 
Do. 
Do. 

1 Guidelines, not enforced as regulations. 



REQUIREMENTS FOR TESTING MINE (AMBIENT) 
AIR QUALITY AND QUANTITY 

Table 6 summarizes the requirements for testing mine 
or ambient air quality and quantity. Although somewhat 
vague, the type of test, test frequency, and test location are 
listed. Some countries specify "general air quality," while 
others note specific pollutants. Testing frequency varies 
from once per shift to twice per year depending on the coun- 
try and type of analysis. The location of air quality tests are 
specified in various ways. Some countries note "diesel use 
sites," while others are more specific with location; for ex- 
ample, New South Wales in Australia notes the test location 
to be 10 ft from the engine at a height of 5 ft. Still others 
specify "exhaust currents" as the location. The specific 
testing method and apparatus are specified by only a few 
countries. 



The remainder of the report is a synopsis, by country, of 
available information on international regulations pertain- 
ing to the use of diesel engines underground. A general 
policy statement is given at the beginning of each section, as 
well as the source of the information. The available informa- 
tion is then presented for the following categories: 

Types of engines permitted. 

Testing and certification procedures of engine and aux- 
iliary equipment. 

Fuel quality specifications. 

Engine emission control requirements. 

Procedures and frequency of testing engine exhaust 
gases. 

Mine air quality and quantity requirements. 

Procedures and frequency of testing mine air quality and 
quantity. 

Noise standards. 



Table 6.— Requirements for testing mine (ambient) air quality and quantity 



Country 



Mine type 



Test 



Type 



Frequency 



Location 



Method 



Australia: 

New South Wales Coal CO, NO x Weekly 10 ft from engine, 

5 ft. high. 



Northern Territory Metal-nonmetal 

Queensland Coal 

South Australia Metal-nonmetal 

Tasmania do 

Victoria do 

Western Australia 



.do CO, C0 2 , N0 2 



General air quality 

..do 

..do 

CO, N0 2 , NO x Weekly 

General air quality . . ..do . 



Monthly Diesel use sites 

Daily NS 

Monthly Diesel use sites 

do 

do 



Canada: 

British Columbia Coal, metal-nonmetal 

Do Coal 



Daily Return airways, en- 
gine exhaust side. 



CO, NO do 

Airflow Weekly 



.do 



.do 



Do Metal-nonmetal . . 

Manitoba NS CO Once per 80 h use 

Do NS Airflow Weekly NS 

Newfoundland NS CO, N0 2 Once per shift NS 



NS 

300 ft from work 
site on ventila- 
tion split. 

NS 

Adjacent to engine 



Device capable of 10 
ppm CO, 1 ppm 
NO x . 

NS. 

NS. 

NS. 

NS. 

NS. 

Drager tube. 



NS. 
NS. 



Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 



NS NO x 

NS Aldehydes 

NS Complete analysis . 

NS Airflow 



NS. 
NS. 
NS. 
NS. 
NS. 
NS. 



Nova Scotia Coal 



Monthly Adjacent to engine 

Once per 3 months . . ..do 

Once per 6 months . . . . do Detector tubes. 

Weekly Near work face NS. 

ventilation duct. 

. . do Road endings, in- NS. 

termediate points. 

NS 

NS 

Vehicle work area . . 

NS 



.do 

Once per 3 months 



Airflow, percent 

inflammable gas. 

Ontario NS CO, N0 2 , airflow . . . 

Do NS Aldehydes 

Quebec NS Airflow Weekly 

Saskatchewan Metal-nonmetal .... General air quality . . ..do 

Yukon Territory NS CO Daily Work area 

Do NS Airflow Weekly do 

Chile NS do Monthly Each section, in- 
takes and fronts 

Colombia Coal General air quality . . Weekly NS 

Germany, Fed. Rep. of: 

Lower Saxony Nongassy Airflow Semiannually NS 

North Rhine-Westphalia .... Coal General air quality . . Once per 3 months . . Diesel use sites . . 



NS. 
NS. 
NS. 
NS. 
NS. 
NS. 
NS. 

NS. 



NS. 

Test tubes, chemical 
analysis. 

Hungary . . . NS CO, NO x Weekly do Continuous CO 

monitor. 

India' Coal Airflow, CO, NO x do End of roadway use NS. 

sites. 

Ireland NS General air quality . . Monthly NS NS. 

Korea, Rep. of Coal Airflow Weekly Intakes, returns .... NS. 



Do do Volume of velocity 

Mexico Coal Airflow 



Monthly All worksites Anemometer. 



Twice a week Entrances, exits 



New Zealand do CO, NO x Daily 



NS 



Norway NS 

Poland NS 



CO, NO,, oil mist 



South Africa. Rep. of Metal-nonmetal 



Semiannually NS 

CO, NO x Monthly Excavations, ex- 
haust currents, 
gases Once per 3 months . . NS 



Dust, 



Do Coal Airflow, velocity 

Sweden NS CO, NO x Twice a week 

Switzerland 1 NS General air quality 

United Kingdom NS CO 

United States Gassy (locomotives) . CO, C0 2 , NO x NS Diesel use sites 



Monthly NS 

Diesel work sites 

Daily NS 

Monthly NS 



Do Noncoal CO, C0 2 , NO x NS 

Yugoslavia Nongassy Airflow Twice a week 

Do do CO, C0 2 Once per 15 days . 

Do do Soot, CQ 2 Once per 3 months 



.do 

NS 

Diesel use sites 
..do 



NS. 
NS. 
NS. 
NS. 

NS. 

NS. 
NS. 
NS. 
NS. 
NS. 
NS. 
NS. 
NS. 
NS. 



NS Not specified in available literature. 



Guidelines, not enforced as regulations. 



The data and units of measure presented are those of 
the original sources; no attempt has been made at standard- 
ization of this information. Throughout the remainder of 
this publication, an asterisk (*) denotes that the information 
was not available. Other information is quoted directly from 
the sources identified by the italic numbers in parentheses. 



The eight criteria (cagetories) for the United States have 
been summarized and presented in tables 1 through 6. The 
information presented in the tables for the United States 
was excerpted from references 1 through 7. 



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 



John N. Murphy, research director, Pittsburgh (PA) 
Research Center, Bureau of Mines, is gratefully 
acknowledged for his solicitations of the foreign mining 
regulations used in this report. By utilization of his official 
contacts as liaison to foreign mining organizations, and his 
personal acquaintances throughout the world, he has 



assured that this document is comprehensive. Also, the 
assistance of Jean E. Small- Johnson (formerly industrial 
hygienist with the Bureau of Mines, now industrial hygienist 
with the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency) in the task of 
excerpting and categorizing information from the foreign 
documents is greatly appreciated. 



AUSTRALIA 



The Australian Mining Industry is subject to both national and 
State control, but in respect to safety and health the State is the 
responsible authority. The Federal Government has control over 
such matters as exports and through the Joint Coal Board has input 
with regard to granting of leases. Also, they have an opportunity to 
comment on safety regulations through this joint Coal Board (11). 

The following statutory authorities are responsible for 
use of diesels below ground in Australia (12): 

1. N.S.W. Department of Industrial Relations. -Has two 
separate administrations for coal mines and noncoal mines. 

2. Queensland Department of Mines. - Has two separate ad- 
ministrations for coal mines and noncoal mines. 

3. Tasmanian Department of Mines. -Has single administration 
for both coal and noncoal mines. 

4. Western Australian Department of Mines. -Has single ad- 
ministration for both coal and noncoal mines. 

5. South Australian Department of Mines and Energy. -Noncoal 
underground mines only. 

6. Department of Minerals and Energy, Victoria. -Noncoal 
underground mines only. 

7. Northern Territory Department of Mines and Energy. -Non- 
coal underground mines only. 

Contact: M. R. Lloyd, Director 

Londonderry Industrial Safety Centre 
132 Londonderry Road 
Londonderry, N.S.W. , Australia 2753 



NEW SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND 



The two States in Australia that are most concerned 
with coal mining are Queensland and New South Wales (11). 
The following information on these two States covers both 
coal and noncoal. 

Types of Engines Permitted 

In one way or another the only type of internal combustion 
engine permitted below ground in coal and noncoal mines in New 
South Wales and Queensland are diesel powered. For example this 
is specified in the N.S.W. Coal Mines Regulations which states that 
any internal combustion engine used underground must be of the 



compression ignition type. Whereas in the Regulations for noncoal 
mines in New South Wales dependence is placed on the require- 
ment regarding % CO from the exhaust. There is no requirement as 
to the type of diesel engine, either direct or indirect ignition are 
permitted, and turbo charging is allowed, provided that re- 
quirements regarding exhaust pollution and flameproofing, where 
appropriate, are met (12). 

Types of Engines (13) 

Must be water cooled. 

Electrical or compressed air starting allowed. 

Electrical equipment to be less than 32 V. 

Belt drives non-flam and anti-static. 

Fan blades to be non ferrous, non-aluminum, non-flam, anti- 
static, and non-sparking. 

Air intakes, combustion and exhaust systems to withstand inter- 
nal explosion (4 times explosion test pressure or 862 KPA 
whichever is greater). 

Hydraulic systems to be use non-flam fluids. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

Procedures for N.S.W. and Queensland (12): 

To summarise, flameproof testing is carried out on a prototype 
basis of components, i.e., scrubber and flametraps. Exhaust gas 
analysis is carried out on each individual engine before it is used 
and at the same time engine temperature is checked. Prototype ap- 
proval is given in respect of flametraps and scrubbers, and then in- 
dividual vehicle approval is given after the performance of the ex- 
haust gas analysis. Individual vehicle approval is given in accord- 
ance with one of the "Special Rules and Conditions" 4 as ap- 
propriate. 

Ancilliary equipment, e.g., F.L.P. lighting, is also approved on a 
prototype basis by the Chief Inspector of Coal Mines. It is proposed 
to introduce full prototype vehicle approval but this is still in the 
discussion stage. 

The regulations for N.S.W. noncoal mines required approval by 
the Chief Inspector. In practice this means that each diesel before it 
is used at a mine is examined by an Inspector and then individual 



4 New South Wales has rules and special conditions for each of the following 
diesel powered vehicles: tractors, scoop trams, shuttle cars, personnel car- 
riers, locomotives, and rock dusters. 



10 



approval granted by the Chief Inspector. This examination includes 
exhaust gas testing. 

At Queensland coal mines approval is given on a prototype basis, 
except that exhaust analysis tests are carried out on each individual 
vehicle. It is proposed to introduce prototype testing to cover the 
requirements for engine exhaust pollution but even then each in- 
dividual engine will still be subject to exhaust analysis by the local 
district inspector. 

Queensland noncoal mines have no approval procedure in respect 
to engines for use underground but imposes the statutory re- 
quirements through its Inspectorate. 

Test and Certification (IS): 

Design approved by Department of Mineral Resources (NSW) 
and engine stamped with serial no. and approval no. (details of ap- 
proval procedure not held: believed to be similar to United 
Kingdom's). For tractors, the manufacturers are to verify engine 
adjustments before the tractor is put into operation. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

New South Wales (13): 

Best quality fuel with sulphur less than 0.1 (0.3 for tractors) and 
flash point greater than 150 F to current British standard specifica- 
tion. 

Fuel pumps to be locked or sealed to prevent tampering. 

Tank capacity to be less than 4 hours at full load. 

In the case of Queensland coal and noncoal mines, there is no re- 
quirement for the fuel-oil composition. However, the fuel in 
Queensland is supplied from local sources and has an extremely low 
sulphur content (12). 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

Emission Control (13): 

Undiluted exhaust gas to have less than 1,500 ppm CO and less 
than 1,000 ppm NO x at idling and full load. 

Black smoke prohibited. 

Conditioner make up water level engine cut out to be provided. 

Minimum water supply for 7-hour shift to be provided. 

The exhaust system shall reduce the exhaust gas temperature so 
that it does not exceed 77° C at the point of discharge to the at- 
mosphere. Exhaust manifold shall be water-cooled, capable of ar- 
resting flame; external surface temperature of exhaust system 
shall be kept below 150° C (12). 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

N.S.W. coal mining regulations require monthly testing of each 
engine exhaust vehicle, and this is also the case in Queensland. For 
N.S.W. noncoal mines the Inspectorate requires this to be done an- 
nually. No frequency is specified for Queensland noncoal mines (12). 

Exhaust testing (IS): 

Once every four weeks and after any fuel pump or injector 
maintenance, undiluted exhaust gases to be tested by Drager tube. 

Once every six months, undiluted exhaust gases to be tested by 
laboratory sample. 

Conditioner to be drained and refilled with clean water at least 
once per shift. 

Exhaust flame trap to be replaced once every 24 hours. 

Periodic measurements to be made of positive pressure in the ex- 
haust system to indicated cleanliness of exhaust flame trap. 



Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

Queensland mines (12): 

Coal: Oxygen, 19%; CO, 50 ppm; CO z ; 5,000 ppm; oxides of 
nitrogen (as N0 2 ) 5 ppm. 

In the case of Queensland noncoal mines, general body mine air 
requirements are the same as for coal mines but for the exhaust gas 
there is only a requirement for carbon monoxide which shall not ex- 
ceed 1,500 ppm. 

In respect of Queensland coal mines for each engine, the District 
Inspector has to assure himself that there is sufficient ventilation to 
achieve mine air general body figures for CO, etc., in the regula- 
tions. Queensland noncoal mines specify a quantity of 0.04 
m 3 /sec/kW or 2.5 m 3 /sec, whichever is greater. 

NSW coal mines (13): 

Working prohibited if concentrations in general body of air ex- 
ceed: CO greater than 50 ppm, NO x greater than 5 ppm, CH 4 
greater than 1.25. 

(Locomotives) airflow to be 10,000 cfm or 100 cfm per bhp 
whichever is greatest. 

(Tractors) no more than two to be operated in the same ventila- 
tion split. 

(Tractors) minimum quantity of air to be individually specified for 
each installation. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

In the case of Queensland coal mines the general body is required 
to be tested daily, and in the case of Queensland noncoal mines no 
test frequencies are specified at present (12). 

Testing of ventilation (13): 

Once per week (tractors, once per shift) atmosphere on return of 
machine to be tested approximately 10 ft from it at a height of 5 ft 
by an apparatus capable of recording 10 ppm CO and 1 ppm NO x 
(and for tractors, 0.5=CH 4 ); and recorded. 

(Tractors) twice per shift in general body by locked flame safety 
lamp. 

Noise Standards 

Noise limit in respect of New South Wales coal mines and 
Queensland coal mines is specified at 90 dBA, although it is admit- 
ted that in practice this is rarely achieved. In the case of New South 
Wales non coal mines the requirement is that the noise may be 90 
dBA for eight hours and the working time is halved for every 3 
dBA above this figure. For Queensland noncoal mines no noise re- 
quirements are stipulated (12). 



NORTHERN TERRITORY 

The following regulations for Northern Territory were 
excerpted from the Northern Territory Regulations -Mines 
Safety Control (U). 

Types of Engines Permitted 

138. APPROVAL OF ENGINES (1) An internal combustion 
engine, other than a compression ignition engine, shall not be in- 
stalled or used underground in a mine without the written approval 
of the Chief Government Mining Engineer. 



11 



Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

138. APPROVAL OF ENGINES (2) The power of the Chief 
Government Mining Engineer under sub-regulation (1) to approve 
the installation or use of an internal combustion engine includes the 
power to direct that specified tests of the engine be carried out 
before the approval is given. 

141. SAFETY CHECKS (1) A compression ignition engined vehi- 
cle used underground in a mine shall be examined- (a) not less than 
once a day by a competent person other than the driver or operator 
of the vehicle; and (b) not less than once a week - (i) by a competent 
driver or operator; and (ii) by a competent compression ignition 
engineer or mechanic. 

(2) The results of the weekly inspections referred to in sub- 
regulation (1) and the actions taken to remedy defects, if any, shall 
be recorded in the Machine Record Book. 

(3) A compression ignition engine which is not in a vehicle shall be 
examined not less than once a week by a competent compression ig- 
nition engineer or mechanic. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

126. TYPE OF FUEL OIL which- (a) has a closed cup flash 
point of less than 61° C; (b) contains more than 0.5% by weight of 
sulphur; or (c) contains an additive which has not been approved in 
writing by the Chief Government Mining Engineer, shall not be 
used underground in a mine for fueling diesel-engined vehicles. 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

136. EXHAUST CLEANERS (1) Each compression ignition unit 
exhaust in a mine shall be equipped - (a) with a water scrubber; or 
(b) with an approved diluting and diffusing apparatus. 

(2) Where a scrubber required by sub-regulation (1) is used on a 
compression ignition unit- (a) the water shall be changed not less 
than twice in each working shift; and (b) the scrubber tank shall be 
cleaned not less than once a day. 

137. EXHAUST DISCHARGE The exhaust fumes from the 
operation of a compression ignition engine underground in a mine 
shall be discharged at a point remote from the engine operator or 
driver. 

145. AIR QUALITY Compression ignition operated equipment 
shall not be used underground in a mine if the undiluted exhaust 
gases of that equipment contain- (a) more than 1,000 parts per 
million of carbon monoxide; or (b) more than 1,000 parts per million 
of combined oxides of nitrogen calculated as nitrogen dioxide. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

See regulation 141 in "Testing and Certification Pro- 
cedures of Engine and Auxiliary Equipment" section. 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

96. CLEAN AIR TO BE PROVIDED Subject to this Part, a 
working, and each part of a working, in a mine shall be kept ven- 
tilated to the extent that- (a) it is a fit place to pass through or in 
which to work; and (b) the air in that working or part of that work- 
ing- (i) contains not less than 19% by volume of oxygen; and (ii) 
contains no more aldehydes (as formaldehyde), carbon dioxide, car- 
bon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, or dust (nuisance or containing 
hazardous substances) that is specified by the Chief Government 
Mining Engineer by notice in the Gazette or, if no such notice has 
been published in the Code of Practice on Radiation Protection in 
the Mining and Milling of Radioactive Ores or the Journal of At- 
mospheric Contaminants, November 1980, published by the 
Australian Health and Medical Research Council. 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

98. TESTING FOR CLEAN AIR (1) A competent person ap- 
pointed by the manager of a mine shall, at approved regular inter- 
vals, make tests in the working face and airways of the mine to 
establish whether regulation 96 has been complied with. 

(2) The results of the tests carried out in a mine pursuant to sub- 
regulation (1) shall be entered in the Record Book for the mine. 

(3) The methods and apparatus used to carry out the tests re- 
quired by this regulation shall be such methods and apparatus as 
are approved. 

Noise Standards 

47. PROTECTIVE HEARING EQUIPMENT The manager of a 
mine shall supply protective hearing equipment to a person at the 
mine who is or who is likely to be exposed to noise with a pressure 
level exceeding - 

(a) the level fixed by the Chief Government Mining Engineer in 
relation to the mine; or 

(b) if no level is fixed under paragraph (a), a maximum of 85 
decibels measured in accordance with standard reference curve A 
referred to in Australian Standard 1259, Part 1-1976*. 



SOUTH AUSTRALIA 

Only about 10 diesel units are operated underground in South 
Australia. The requirements for these are under review (15). 

Types of Engines Permitted 

DIVISION 8 -INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES UNDER- 
GROUND (1 6). 
Permission to Use Engines Underground 

145. (1) Before an internal-combustion engine is installed 
underground in a mine, permission in writing shall be obtained 
from the Chief Inspector of Mines for the engine to be used 
underground. 

(2) The Chief Inspector shall not give such permission unless he is 
satisfied that the engine complies with these regulations and can be 
used in the mine without danger to the men working therein. 

(3) The Chief Inspector shall not give permission for the use 
underground in a mine of an internal combustion engine forming 
the prime mover of a locomotive or vehicle, unless it is a diesel 
engine. 

(4) Any permission so given may be subject to any conditions 
which the Chief Inspector considers necessary as to the place where 
the engine may be used, inspection, and any other matters relative 
to the safety of those working in the mine. 

(5) A person installing or using an internal combustion engine 
underground in a mine shall comply with every condition specified 
in the permission given by the Chief Inspector. 

(6) Upon giving permission for the use of an engine underground 
the Chief Inspector shall assign a number to the engine and keep a 
record of such number in his office. 

(7) The number assigned by the Chief Inspector to each engine 
shall be clearly painted on such engine. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of 
Engine and Auxiliary Equipment 

DIVISION 4 -SAFETY AND PROTECTION (16) 
Machinery to be in Good Condition 

52. (1) All machinery which is in use in or at a mine shall be kept 
at all times in good order and in safe condition. 



V2 



(2) In this regulation "machinery" includes engines, plant, gear, 
and equipment of all kinds. 

53. (11 All material and equipment installed or used in or at a mine 
shall be sound and of adequate strength for the purpose for which it 
is to be used. 

(2) Every working part of a mine and every structure and item of 
equipment which is in use in or at the mine shall be maintained in 
good order and in a safe condition. 

DIVISION 8 -INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES UNDER- 
GROUND (16). 
Examination of Internal Combustion Engines 

146. (1) All internal combustion engines used underground shall 
be examined daily by a competent person and at least once a week 
by a competent diesel engineer or mechanic, and the result of such 
weekly examination and the action taken to remedy defects (if any) 
shall be recorded in the Machinery Record Book. 

(2) No person shall use an internal-combustion engine under- 
ground in a mine if the engine has any defect. 

An "Application for Permission to Use a Diesel Engine 
Underground" is submitted by the Mine Manager to the 
Chief Inspector of Mines for approval. This application is to 
include information on the following items: diesel engine 
specifications, engine exhaust data, starter, transmission, 
steering, operating speeds, brakes, payload, lights, horn, 
fire extinguisher, safety belts, electric system, and overhead 
protection. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

DIVISION 8 -INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES UNDER- 
GROUND (16). 
Fuel for Underground Diesel Engines 

147. (1) No person shall use in a diesel engine underground any 
fuel-oil having a flash-point of less than 150 degrees Fahrenheit, as 
determined by the Abel Apparatus or the Pensky-Martens closed 
cup method, or having more than 0.5 pet sulphur by weight. 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

DIVISION 8 -INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES UNDER- 
GROUND (16). 
Exhaust Gas 

150. (1) Every diesel engine used underground in a mine shall be 
fitted with exhaust-gas scrubbers or other apparatus to render tox- 
ic exhaust-gases harmless, or reduce the toxic content of such gases 
to the extent required by these regulations. 

(2) All such scrubbers or other apparatus shall be kept clean and 
efficient, and the tanks of any such scrubbers shall be cleaned and 
filled with the fresh water daily. 

(3) The following requirements shall be complied with in relation 
to every diesel engine used underground in a mine: 

(a) The exhaust gases shall be discharged at a place remote 
from the operator. 

(b) The exhaust-gases shall contain not more than 1,500 parts 
per million of carbon monoxide nor more than 1,000 parts per 
million of oxides of nitrogren. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

DIVISION 8-INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES UNDER- 
GROUND (16). 
Exhaust-Gas 

150. (4) At intervals not exceeding four weeks, samples of the air 
in places where diesel engines are used underground, and of the 



exhaust-gases of such engines, shall be taken and such samples 
shall forthwith be analysed and the results of the analyses entered 
in the Machinery Record Book. 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

150. (3Xc) The quantity of air passing each minute through the 
place where the engine is being used shall not be less than fifty 
cubic feet per brake-horsepower or 5,000 cubic feet whichever is 
the greater. The brake-horsepower to be taken into account in com- 
puting the amount of air shall be the total horsepower of all the 
engines working in the said place at the same time. 

The said quantity of air shall be in addition to the quantity 
prescribed by these regulations for any other purpose. 

DIVISION 3 -VENTILATION AND CONTROL OF DUST AND 
FUMES (16). 
Standards of Ventilation 

37. (1) The mine shall be ventilated so that at all times the air in 
every part of the mine where men are working shall comply with 
the following requirements: - 

(a) It shall contain at least 20 per cent by volume of oxygen. 

(b) It shall not contain more than 0.5 per cent of carbon dioxide 
or more than 0.005 per cent of carbon monoxide or more than 
0.0005 per cent of the higher oxides of nitrogen, or more than 0.002 
per cent of sulphuretted hydrogen; all such percentages being 
calculated by volume. 

(c) It shall not contain more than 300 particles per cubic centi- 
metre of dust which is five microns or less in diameter. 

(d) It shall not have a temperature of more than 83 degrees 
Fahrenheit, by wet-bulb thermometer. 

(e) At least one hundred cubic feet of fresh air per minute for 
every man and horse working in any place shall be circulated 
through that place. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

DIVISION 3 -VENTILATION AND CONTROL OF DUST AND 
FUMES (16). 
Standards of Ventilation 

37. (2) For the purpose of this regulation 37, the number of dust 
particles per cubic centimetre shall be determined: 

(a) by an efficient konimeter, taking the average of the 
numbers ascertained by six tests made at intervals of one minute; 
or 

(b) by any other efficient instruments to the satisfaction of the 
Chief Inspector of Mines. 

In either case, the number of such particles shall be counted 
under dark field illumination. 



Noise Standards 

HEARING CONSERVATION (17). 

3. Where the noise level ascertained in respect of an employee's 
place of employment and in respect of the period for which the 
employee is at work in that employment during any day, exceeds an 
equivalent continuous noise level of 90 decibels calculated in ac- 
cordance with these regulations or the noise level in respect of any 
period of employment exceeds 115 decibels the employee is exposed 
to excessive noise and the employer shall, where practicable, take 
action to reduce the equivalent continuous noise level to the 
allowable limit by means of either- 

(a) engineering noise reduction, or 

(b) administrative noise control or a combination of both. 

4. The equivalent continuous noise level shall be derived from the 
measurement of noise levels and the actual duration of exposure of 
an employee to those noise levels. 



13 



TASMANIA 

The following information for Tasmania was excerpted 
from information provided by M. R. Lloyd, Director, Lon- 
donerry Industrial Safety Centre (15). 

Types of Engines Permitted 

Engine types other than hydraulic and electric are confined to 
4-cycle diesel carrying approval and certification. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

Approval testing is carried out after a suitable initial running-in 
period which may be permitted underground on a temporary cer- 
tification. This latter is only granted where the engine is a known 
type in a modified application and it is possible to arrive at a rea- 
soned approval. Totally unknown engines are confined to surface 
operations for a period of 500 to 700 engine hours with regular ex- 
haust testing recorded by the operator and submitted to the 
Department for assessment. Approval testing is carried out on site 
under near as possible operating conditions. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

Fuel quality specifications are: 

(a) closed cup flashpoint above 61° C; and 

(b) contains less than 0.5% sulphur. 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

Emission controls are: 

(a) approved means of preventing adjustment of fuel rate at 
maximum governed speed. 

(b) a 6 NB plug for gas sampling on the exhaust system. 

(c) the fitting of a water scrubber or an approved diluting and 
diffusing apparatus of adequate capacity. 

(d) total CO or NO x in undiluted exhaust does not exceed 1,000 
ppm. 

(e) ventilating air supplied must at least equal the ventilating 
quantity required by the approval. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

All exhaust gas must be sampled and analysed by approved 
methods at four weekly intervals and the results recorded. The 
method approved is the use of Drager gas test tube with the sample 
taken as close to the exhaust manifold as is reasonable. 



Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

In general, mine air must not contain less than 20% by volume of 
oxygen or more than 5,000 ppm carbon dioxide, 50 ppm carbon 
monoxide, 25 ppm total oxides of nitrogen, and 5 ppm aldehydes. 

All diesel exhausts must be diluted with fresh air to meet the 
above requirements except that in the case of C0 2 the dilution 
standard is 2,500 ppm and for nitrous fumes it is 12.5 ppm. The 
maximum dilution factor required from testing is the criterion for 
establishing the ventilation requirement stipulated on the subse- 
quent approval certificate. 

In addition, regulations limit N0 2 to 5 ppm and S0 2 to 5 ppm 
while calling in the limits imposed by the NHMRC "Atmospheric 
Contaminants"*. Konimeter limits are 300 particles of 5 or less per 
millilitre and temperature is limited to 25° C wet-bulb. 

The quantity of pure air supplied must be sufficient to meet the 
requirement specified for each engine approved underground, i.e., 
cumulative. 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

The general body of the air must be sampled and recorded at least 
weekly in addition to the exhaust sampling requirements. In areas 
where engines are in use the tests shall be for carbon monoxide and 
the total oxides of nitrogen, in the case of other areas for carbon 
monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. If ventilation is interrupted, or falls 
below total requirement all engines are required to be stopped. 

Noise Standards 

Hearing conservation equipment is required to be supplied and 
used where the noise level exceeds 85 dbA. 



VICTORIA 

The following regulations are for the metal and 
nonmetal mines of Victoria. They were excerpted from the 
Mines (Gold and Minerals) Underground Mining General 
Regulations (18). 

Types of Engines Permitted 

Permission Required to Install Diesel Engines Underground 

601. (a) An internal combustion engine other than a diesel engine 
of approved type shall not be used underground. 

(b) All engines shall be tested in an approved manner before 
they are put into service. 

(c) The results of tests shall be recorded in the record book kept 
pursuant to sub-regulation (3) of Regulation 604. 

Registration of Engine Number 

602. Every diesel engine used underground shall have an official 
number, such number to be recorded in the record book, pursuant 
to sub-regulation (3) of Regulation 604. 

Use of Defective Engines Forbidden Underground 

603. A diesel engine shall not be used underground if it has any 
defect that may affect its safe operation. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

Inspection of Diesel Engined Vehicles and Engines Required 

604. (1) Diesel engined vehicles used underground shall be ex- 
amined daily by a competent person appointed by the manager 
other than the driver and at least once a week by a competent diesel 
engineer or mechanic appointed by the manager. 

(2) Diesel engines other than those in vehicles shall be examined 
once a week by a competent diesel engineer or other than the driver 
and at least once a week by a competent mechanic appointed by the 
manager. 

(3) The results of such inspections and the actions taken to 
remedy defects if any shall be recorded in a record book to be kept 
for that purpose by the manager and such record book shall be 
available for inspection at any reasonable time by an inspector. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

Specifications for Fuel Oil 

607. (1) Oil used for fuelling diesel engined vehicles and sta- 
tionary engines underground shall have a closed cup flash point of 
not less than 61 degrees Celsius. 



14 



(2) The sulphur content of the fuel oil shall not exceed 0.5 percent 
by weight 

(3) No substance shall be added to fuel oil without the written per- 
mission of the Chief Inspector. 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

612. (3) No diesel operated equipment shall be permitted to be 
used underground if the undiluted exhaust gases contain more than 
1.000 parts per million combined oxides of nitrogen. 

E xhaust Gas Scrubbers to be Provided 

613. (1) Diesel engines used underground shall be fitted with 
water scrubbers or apparatus suitable for reducing the toxic con- 
tent of exhaust gases to comply with these Regulations. 

(2) The tanks of water scrubbers shall be cleaned and filled with 
fresh water not less than once per working shift or more frequently 
if an inspector directs. 

(3) The competent person appointed by the manager under sub- 
regulation (1) of Regulation 604 shall ensure that other apparatus 
shall be examined and cleaned as often as is necessary to maintain 
efficient operation or as directed by an inspector. 

Engines Not to Run While Stationary 

614. Diesel engines of vehicles used underground shall not be left 
running while the vehicles are stationary except for short periods 
when necessary. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

612. (2) Accurate analyses of the carbon monoxide and nitrogen 
dioxide content of the undiluted exhaust gases shall be made by a 
competent person appointed by the manager at the diesel engine at 
weekly intervals or more frequently if directed by an inspector. 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

503. (1) The air in any working place shall be deemed adequate if 

(a) it contains not less than 20 per cent by volume of oxygen; 

(b) it contains not more than the following amounts of im- 
purities: 

carbon dioxide 5,000 ppm. 

carbon monoxide 50 ppm. 

nitrogen dioxide 5 ppm. 

hydrogen sulphide 10 ppm. 

sulphur dioxide 5 ppm. 

aldehydes (as formaldehyde) 5 ppm. 

(c) it shows a count not in excess of 300 particles of dust per 
cubic centimetre of 5 micrometers or less in diameter, or a count 
not in excess of such lower number of particles as the inspector may 
require. Such count shall be the average of not less than six tests 
caused to be taken by the inspector, using a konimeter and counted 
under dark field illumination or, a maximum allowable concentra- 
tion of respirable dust based on mass measurement if required by 
or approved in writing by the Chief Inspector. The method of 
sampling dust shall be laid down by the Chief Inspector. The max- 
imum allowable concentration of respirable dust shall be that 
recommended by the Australian National Health and Medical 
Research Council. 

(2) The temperature of the air shall not exceed 28 degrees 
Celsius, wet bulb, unless otherwise approved by the Chief Inspec- 
tor. 

Ventilation Standards for Diesel Engines 

611. (1) Diesel engines shall be used underground only in places 
where the ventilation is adequate within the meaning of paragraphs 
(a) and (b) of sub-regulation (1) of Regulation 503. 

(2) The quality of air passing through such places shall be based 
on gas analyses of the vehicle exhausts; and the appropriate dilu- 
tion factor shall be sufficient to comply with the standards set out 
in paragraphs (a) and (b) of sub-regulation (1) of Regulation 503. 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine 
Air Quality and Quantity 

503. (3) At intervals approved by an inspector a competent per- 
son appointed by the manager shall make tests of the air at the 
working faces and in the airways of the mine and shall enter the 
results of such tests in the record book. 

(4) Standards shall be measured by approved methods and ap- 
paratus. 

Noise Standards 

PERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURE 

Duration per Noise level, 

day, hours dB (A) 

8 90 

6 92 

4 93 

2 96 

1 99 

Vz 102 

Va or less 105 



WESTERN AUSTRALIA 

The following regulations for Western Australia were 
excerpted from the Mines Regulations for 1946-74 (19). 

Types of Engines Permitted 

14.1 No internal combustion engine, other than a compression ig- 
nition diesel engine which uses low volatile fuel, shall be used 
underground in a mine. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

14.4 (1) The Senior Inspector shall, before issuing a permit for a 
diesel engine to be installed or used underground, have tests made 
to ensure that the diesel engine is safe for use underground, and 
the cost of those tests shall be borne by the applicant. 

(2) Applications for a permit shall be accompanied by complete 
engine identification data, full specification of the engine, and an 
analysis of its undiluted exhaust gas composition with respect to 
carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. 

(3) The determination of the analyses of exhaust gas composition 
required by this regulation shall be made when the engine is 
operating- (a) at normal operating temperature minimum rated 
power output; and (b) at maximum rated speed and maximum rated 
power output. 

New and overhauled spare and replacement engines are tested on 
dynamometers to ensure that their exhaust gas complies with emis- 
sion standards. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

14.15 (1) Diesel engine fuel for use underground shall have a flash 
point of not less than 61° C. as determined in the manner pre- 
scribed in regulation 6 of the Flammable Liquid Regulations, 1967, 
under Explosives and Dangerous Goods Act, 1961*. 

(2) The sulpher content of such diesel fuel shall not exceed 0.5%. 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

14.4 (4) The undiluted exhaust gas produced by a diesel engine in- 
tended for use underground shall not contain more than 1,500 parts 
per million of carbon monoxide or more than 2,000 parts per million 
of oxides of nitrogen under any condition of engine operation. 



15 



14.6 (1) Unless exempted by the Senior Inspector in writing, 
every diesel engine used underground shall be fitted with an ex- 
haust gas cooling device capable of reducing the temperature of the 
undiluted exhaust gases under any condition of operation to less 
than 93° C. at the point of discharge from the device. 

(2) Any proposed change or modification to an approved exhaust 
cooling device, and any proposed modification to a diesel engine, 
which could affect the characteristics of the exhaust gas emission 
shall be made known to the Senior Inspector. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

14.9 (1) The undiluted exhaust gas produced by a diesel engine 
underground shall be sampled and analyzed at intervals of not more 
than one week, or at such lesser intervals as the Inspector may re- 
quire. 

(2) If when sampling the undiluted exhaust gas produced by a 
diesel engine it is found that the exhaust gas contains more than 
2,500 parts per million of carbon monoxide or more than 2,000 
parts per million of the oxides of nitrogen the diesel engine shall be 
immediately withdrawn from service and shall not be used until the 
fault has been remedied. 

Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

14.5 (1) A diesel engine shall not be taken or used underground in 
any part of a mine unless the air for the ventilation of that part of 
the mine is drawn from the purest possible source. 

(2) The quantity of air supplied to ventilate any part of a mine 
underground in which a diesel engine is used shall be sufficient to 
dilute the final exhaust gases so that the concentration of any of the 
following constituents in the diluted mixture shall not be more 
than- 

(a) 5,000 parts per million of carbon dioxide; 

(b) 50 parts per million of carbon monoxide; 

(c) 10 parts per million of hydrogen sulphide; 

(d) 5 parts per million of nitrogen dioxide; 

(e) 5 parts per million of sulphur dioxide; 

(f) 5 parts per million of aldehyde (as formaldehyde). 



(3) The oxygen content of the diluted mixture shall be not less 
than 20% by volume. 

(4) Each diesel engine permit shall specify the minimum quantity 
of air per minute which shall be supplied to dilute the engine ex- 
haust gases to the standard required by subregulation (2). 

(5) In calculating the quantity of air required to dilute the exhaust 
gases, 3.8 cubic metres of air per minute shall be supplied per 
kilowatt engine output, based on the manufacturer's maximum 
rating but- (a) the figure may be reduced by the Senior Inspector 
for a particular diesel engine if it can be established that, because of 
special design features, a lesser quantity of air will dilute the ex- 
haust gases to the acceptable standard; and (b) in no case shall less 
than 1.9 cubic metres per minute per kilowatt be supplied. 

(6) Where more than one diesel engine is operating in an 
underground working place at the same time the volume of ven- 
tilating air required to be supplied shall be the aggregate of the 
volumes shown on the respective permits issued by the Senior In- 
spector with regard to those engines. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine 
Air Quality and Quantity 

14.8 (1) The Manager shall be responsible for testing the composi- 
tion of the exhaust atmosphere in any place underground where a 
diesel engine or diesel engines are working. 

(2) The tests shall be taken in the return airway and on the ex- 
haust side of the engine or engines, and may be taken at the 
primary or secondary ventilation exhaust outlets or at both. 

(3) The tests shall be made daily to determine the quantity of car- 
bon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) and nitrogen dioxide 

(NO- 

(4) If as a result of the test the concentrations of the components 
in the diluted exhaust gas do not conform with the requirements of 
this Part further operation of that diesel engine or engines in the 
working place so tested shall be suspended until the cause of the 
high gas concentration has been discovered and remedied. 

Noise 

There are no standards for noise (14). 



BELGIUM 



Types of Engines Permitted 

The Royal Decree of May 19, 1952 regulating the use of internal 
combustion engines in the underground works of mines prescribes 
in Article 14: 

The only mobile internal combustion engines permitted to travel 
in the underground works of mines, surface mines and under- 
ground quarries are diesel locomotives of a type satisfying the con- 
ditions established by the Ministry and approved by the director 
general of Mines (20). 

No ignition system allowed apart from starting mechanism. Both 
manual and automatic provision to be made to prevent "racing" 
(speed in excess of 120% normal) (21). 



Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

I. Conditions of Approval for Diesel Engines (20). 

Art. 1- Diesel engines must be able to be supplied in any mine 
containing firedamp (mine gas) without racing, without undergoing 
dangerous overheating nor any deterioration which endangers 
general safety, and without igniting the ambient atmosphere. 
These engines do not contain any device for ignition except possibly 



a glow plug or other device intended solely to facilitate starting in 
the cold. 

Art. 2. -The National Institute of Mining Industries is the only 
organization competent to verify whether a diesel motor conforms 
to the specifications of this circular and to carry out the required 
tests or any other test which it determines to be necessary for the 
purpose of insuring safety. 

Art. 6 -All parts of the air admission and exhaust systems in- 
cluded between the stacks and cylinder head must resist, without 
experiencing dangerous deformation, a static pressure of at least 8 
kg/cm 2 . 

Art. 7 -The motor must be furnished with a manual and 
automatic emergency stopping device in case of motor runaway in a 
gassy atmosphere. These devices can keep the inlet values raised or 
can close a damper placed in the inlet tube or can employ any other 
effective means for stopping the motor when it is in a gassy flam- 
mable mixture. The automatic device intervenes as soon as the nor- 
mal speed is exceeded by 20% or more; its correct functioning must 
be verifiable at all times. 

Art. 9 -The motor will be equipped with an automatic device 
which will stop it when the cooling water of the engine-gearbox 
assembly reaches a temperature of 100° C. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

Not specified in available literature. 



16 



Engine Emission Control Requirements 

I. Conditions of Approval for Diesel Engines (20) 

Art. 11 -The design and control of the motor must be such that 
the concentration of CO of the undiluted exhaust gases is less than 
0.05% by volume for a new motor, ready for use and regardless of 
the load. During the course of its use, this concentration must not 
exceed 0.12% by volume. 

Art. 4 (a) A stack of thin plates or any other apparatus of 
equivalent safety is to be located at the entrance or exit of the 
splash water bath. If the system is located upstream of the 
splashing tank, its construction must not be affected by the gas 
temperatures which cannot exceed 300° C. 

(b) An apparatus for injecting water into the exhaust collector 
or in the pipe which follows it if the collector is furnished with a 
jacket of circulating cooling water in order to cool the gases so that 
the external surface temperature of the motor and the air admis- 
sion and exhaust systems do not exceed 150° C regardless of the 
motor load. 

(c) A muffler with a water bath, fed by injection into the exhaust 
system, and provided with interior baffles which force the gas to 
bubble through the water before exiting. The temperature of the 
gases at the discharge must not exceed 85° C. 

The water reservoir must allow the motor to operate at one-third 
load for eight hours. 

The cooling must remain satisfactory for road slopes up to 15%. 
The injection water reservoir will be equipped with a level indicator 
located in the engineers cabin. 

The engine must be provided with a device to stop the engine in 
case of loss of injection water or when the temperature of the ex- 
haust gases at the discharge exceed 85°C. 

II. Tests (20) 

Art. 1-The intake exhaust systems will resist an internal explo- 
sion of a gassy flammable mixture without deformation and 
without igniting the gassy ambient atmosphere. 

Art 2. -The engine is started and adjusted to a fast idle. It is 
tested with an empty exhaust canister, no water injection, the 
automatic emergency shutdown device disabled (replaced by a 
manual control), and the intake and exhaust stacks installed. 

It is placed in a tank supplied with air-gas mixture. Barring any 
running operating incident, it is left there running for a half hour 
during which time the gas content is made to vary between 3 and 
9%. It is then removed and examined. 

It is subjected to a series of eight similar tests during which it 
must not race or suffer any serious deterioration, nor dangerous 
overheating, nor ignite the gassy atmosphere in which it is 
operating. 



Art. 3 -Test of the automatic emergency shutoff device. The 
operation of the automatic emergency shutoff device is verified 
either by accelerating the engine during a supplementary test in a 
gassy atmosphere, or by changing the adjustment of the regulator. 

Art. 4 -Test with the object of the approval of a stack of 0.8 mm 
spacing. An analagous stack except with a spacing of 1 mm is in- 
stalled on one side on a case approximately of the volume of a muf- 
fler and on the other side on a pipe 5 cm in diameter and 1.5 m in 
length. Inside the casing or the tube is introduced a flammable mix- 
ture of gas and air in the proportion for which the flame will most 
easily travel through a space between two metal walls. This mix- 
ture is lit by means of a spark plug set on the wall opposite the wall 
upon which the stack is attached. Tested in a test chamber, the in- 
side ignition must not be transmitted to the inflammable environ- 
ment of the chamber. Stacks with a spacing of 5 mm are tested in 
an identical way except that the spacing is held at 8 mm for the 
tests. 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

Not specified in available literature. 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

Not specified in available literature. 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

Not specified in available literature. 



Noise Standards 

Not specified in available literature. 

Contact: Mr. J. Bracke, Director 
INIEX 

60 Rue Grande 
7260 Colfontaine 
Belgium 



CANADA 



The Canadian Explosive Atmospheres Laboratory (CEAL) is 
presently certifying coal mine diesels in accordance with the 
preliminary draft code (22) for British Columbia, Alberta and Nova 
Scotia; where most underground coal in Canada is mined. The cer- 
tification service has no regulatory authority, but, if equipment 
bears the federal certification mark, the provincial authorities per- 
mit its use underground in their jurisdiction. The Canadian con- 
stitutional arrangement has, with some exceptions, placed 
regulatory responsibility for mining operations in the domain of the 
provincial governments (the trend seems to be to place the inspec- 
torates within the Provincial Ministries of Labour (23). 



The following information on Canada was excerpted 
from reference 22. 

Types of Engines Permitted 

3.3.5 Engine Requirements 

3.3.5.1 The engine shall be liquid cooled and manufactured in ac- 
cordance with the provisions of clause 3.3.5.2 below. 

3.3.5.2 Normal diesel engine design, the design of fastenings 
associated with the joints in this clause, and normal manufacturing 



17 



tolerances and wear limits provide acceptable flameproof barriers 
for the joint clearances between: 

(a) pistons and piston rings 

(b) pistons and cylinder walls 

(c) piston rings and cylinder walls 

(d) cylinder head to cylinder block 

(e) valve stem to valve guide 

(f) injector body to cylinder head 

Any joint other than those listed above which directly or indirect- 
ly connect the combustion chamber to the surrounding atmosphere 
must be flameproof. 

3.3.5.3 The engine crankcase breather shall not contain incendive 
material and shall not be connected to the air intake system of the 
engine. The discharge from the breather shall be directed away 
from hot surfaces and in such a way as to ensure that the external 
surfaces of the engine and exhaust system do not become fouled 
with oil. 

3.3.5.4 The oil filter and oil dipstick shall be secured in position by 
positive means which do not rely solely on friction and which pre- 
vent loss of oil from the interior of the engine. 

3.3.5.5. The engine flywheel, clutch and starter ring gear housing 
must be flameproof unless clutch and starter impact energies are 
below the maximum values stated herein. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

3.2.5.7 The engine shall be tested on a dynamometer as described 
in clause 4.9 and shall conform to the requirements described 
therein. 

3.2.3.4. Each fuel tank shall be tested by the manufacturer to be 
water-tight at 30 kPa gauge (4.35 psig). 

4. VEHICLE PERFORMANCE TESTS 

4.1 Exhaust System Cooling Capacity Evaluation 

Tests shall be undertaken to determine directly by dynamometer 
tests or indirectly by engineering calculations, the capacity of the 
exhaust system to continuously cool the exhaust gases to 77° C 
(170° F) for a half-shift period (3 hours of vehicle operation). 

(2) Vehicle load factor studies have been reported (1983) in 
Canada, Sweden, and the U.S.A. A maximum vehicle load factor of 
0.85 relative to full load, full speed operation is reported for a 
heavily-loaded Load-Haul-Dump machine. Some haulage trucks ex- 
hibit a load factor of 0.70, whereas, utility vehicles and personnel 
carriers may operate at a 0.50 level load factor. These rules of 
thumb shall be used to evaluate the cooling capacity of scrubbing 
systems and may be used by the appropriate regulatory authority 
to reduce ventilation rates (see clause 4.9.2) according to vehicle 
type, assuming individual concentrations of toxic constituents re- 
main below their respective TLV (see clause 3.5.4.3). 

4.2 Safety Shutdown System Operation Confirmation 

The operation of all safety shutdown devices on a completed vehi- 
cle shall be checked against the performance requirements of this 
standard during factory or field inspection. 

METHANOMETER TESTS 

4.2.1 The performance of the methanometer system shall be 
tested according to the provisions of CSA Standard C22.2 No. 
152-1976 "Combustible Gas Detection Instruments."* 

4.6 PREVENTION TESTS ON ENGINE SYSTEMS 
4.6.1 Explosion Proof Enclosure Tests 

Refer to CSA Standard C22.2 No. 30 "Explosion Proof 
Enclosures for Use in Class I Hazardous Locations,"* and IEC 



Publication 79-1 "Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas At- 
mospheres,"* as applicable, for flameproofness and overpressure 
tests and for structural adequacy of explosion proof enclosures. Ex- 
plosion tests shall be required in accordance with the appropriate 
document. Flameproof electrical/mechanical equipment shall be 
subjected to the following pressure tests as applicable. All intake 
and exhaust system castings and weldments shall be leak tested to 
pressure of 3.5 atmospheres hydrostatically on a routine basis at 
the factory, in order to ensure leakproof fabrication. This factory 
test requirement shall be noted on all appropriate assembly draw- 
ings and listed on the Factory Inspection form as a routine inspec- 
tion requirement. In addition, the maximum explosion pressure 
test, the routine hydrostatic test, the hydrostatic type test, and 
the flameproof test, as applicable shall be undertaken in accor- 
dance with the above quoted standards. 

4.6.2 Impact Tests on Coated Aluminum Alloy Parts 

External parts made from coated aluminum alloy materials shall 
be evaluated from frictional impact hazard on the basis of results 
obtained from drop tests and judgments made with respect to their 
intended application. 

4.6.3 ANTI-STATIC MATERIALS TESTS 

4.6.3.1 Anti-Static Rubber V-belt Test 

The method of ISO Standard 1813-1976 (E) "Anti-Static Endless 
V-Belts (sections Y, Z, A, B, C, D, E)- Electrical Conduc- 
tivity-Characteristic and Method of Test"* shall be used to "en- 
sure that the belt is sufficiently conductive to dissipate charges of 
electricity which may form in it in service." This standard pertains 
to new belts intended to be used in an explosive atmosphere or in 
situations where there is a fire risk. This test shall be performed if 
no adequately documented tests in accordance with the standard 
have been previously performed, and show the material to be accep- 
table. The test values of resistance thus determined shall be less 
than the specified maxima as determined by the following relation: 

Rmax (ohms) = 6 x 10 6 x (L/I), 

where L is the distance between the inner edges of the two elec- 
trodes and where I is the sum of the heights of the two sidewalls of 
the belt. 

4.6.3.2 Anti-Static Plastic Engine Cooling 

Fans CSA Standard C22.2 No. 145 "Explosion Proof Motors and 
Generators for Use in Class I and Class II Hazardous Locations,"* 
clause 2.3.3 states- "External rotating parts of non-metallic 
material shall be investigated for the generation of electrostatic 
charges if the resistance between the extreme ends of the part ex- 
ceeds 10 megohm." The tip-to-tip and tip-to-hub resistances of the 
fan shall be determined. If the resistance exceeds 10 megohms the 
fan shall not be acceptable. 

4.6.3.3 Conveyor belts shall be tested to CSA Standard M422, 
"Fire Retardant and Anti-Static Conveyor Belts" (under prep- 
aration).* 

4.7 FIRE PREVENTION TESTS 

4.7.1 Fire Resistant Fluid Tests 

Refer to CSA Standard M423, "Fire Resistant Hydraulic 
Fluids."* 

4.7.2 Surface Temperature Checks 

Tests shall be carried out at various engine load/speed combina- 
tions with up to 1.25 pet methane in the intake air to determine the 
maximum external surface temperatures of the various vehicle 



18 



components. The testing sequence shall also ensure that the vehicle 
safety devices prevent excessive surface temperatures in the event 
of: 

(a) Shortage of water in the cooling circuits. 

(b) Pneumatic or hydraulic system malfunctions, including 
hydraulic relief valves. 

(c) Heat build-up in components upon application such as in 
sendee, emergency and parking brake systems, in torque con- 
verters particularly in a stalled condition, and in retarders. 

(d) Any other malfunctions which could produce elevated exter- 
nal surface temperatures on one or more of the vehicle components. 

The temperature test may be made at any room temperature be- 
tween 10° C and 40° C. The 40° C value is assumed to be the max- 
imum possible ambient temperature for which the corresponding 
surface temperatures must not exceed 150° C. The ambient 
temperature differential below 40° C shall be added to the ob- 
served surface temperatures before comparing with the values in 
clause 3.4.1. 

4.7.3 FIRE RESISTANT MATERIALS TESTS 

4.7.3.1 Conveyor Belt Tests 

The conveyor belts tests and specifications are described in CSA 
Standard M422 "Fire-Retardant and Anti-Static Conveyor Belts" 
(under preparation). 

4.7.3.2 Hose Tests 

The hose tests and specifications shall be similar to the tests 
described in CANMET, Division Report ERP/MRL 80-21 (TR),* 
clauses 4.1 to 4.5, except for test purposes only 4 specimens of the 
hose (each 6 inches long by V2 inch wide by the specimen thickness) 
shall be required. 

4.7.3.3. Other Tests 

Other fire-resistant materials, such as V-belts, will be tested in a 
manner similar to the tests described above. 

4.8 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS TESTS 

4.8.1 Explosion-Proof Enclosures Tests 

All tests of flameproof electrical enclosures shall conform to the 
provisions of Section 6 -"tests" of CSA Standard C22.2 No. 
30-1970, "Explosion-Proof Enclosures for use in Class I Hazard- 
ous Locations."* 

This document describes: 

(a) the maximum explosion pressure test, 

(b) overpressure tests, 

(c) temperature tests, 

(d) impact tests (including glass lenses) and, 

(e) materials flammability tests. 

4.8.2 Intrinsically Safe Systems Tests 

All tests of intrinsically safe electrical systems shall conform to 
the provisions of Section 6 -"Tests" of CSA Standard C22.2 No. 
157-M1979 "Intrinsically Safe and Non-Incendive Equipment for 
Use in Hazardous Locations."* 

4.8.3 Lighting System Lens Strength Test 
See clause 4.8.1 item d. 

4.8.4 Electric Motor and Generator Tests 

Electric motors and generators intended for hazardous location 
applications will be tested to CSA Standard C22.2 No. 145, "Explo- 
sion Proof Motors and Generators for Use in Class I and Class II 
Hazardous Locations."* 



Fuel Quality Specifications 

3.2.5.5 The fuel employed in certification tests shall conform to 
the appropriate CGSB (Canadian General Specification Board) 
Specification CAN 2-3.16-M84, "Mines Diesel Fuel."* 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

3.5 EXHAUST EMISSIONS REQUIREMENTS 

3.5.1 Fuel Rate Setting 

The liquid fuel supply to the new engine shall be adjusted, fixed 
and sealed so that the undiluted exhaust gas shall contain not more 
than 2,500 ppm of carbon monoxide, not more than 1,500 ppm of 
oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) and not more than 150 mg/m 3 of par- 
ticulate (as measured by a centre line sampling probe), within the 
full design range of engine output, when the intake air mixture to 
the engine is either 100 pet air, or 1.25 pet methane by volume in 
air. Reduction in the maximum allowable fuel injection rate for in- 
creases in altitude above 300 metres (approximately 1,000 feet) 
shall be made. 

3.5.2 Fuel Alteration System 

Innovations which alter the fuel and which beneficially affect the 
emissions, provided that they are practicable and that the emis- 
sions tests of clause 3.5.3 reflect their beneficial effects, shall be 
permitted. 

3.5.3 Exhaust Treatment Devices 

Exhaust treatment may be accomplished by a number of devices; 
for example, filters and water scrubbers, applied singly or in com- 
bination. Where evidence can be furnished that treatment perform- 
ance does not deteriorate with use and that suitable procedures can 
be instituted to maintain the device(s), their application shall result 
in reduced ventilation assessments as defined in clause 3.5.4.2. The 
emissions reduction performance of all such devices shall be assess- 
ed during dynamometer exhaust emissions tests as described in 
clause 4.9.1. 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

3.5.4 EMISSIONS TOXICITY CRITERION 

3.5.4.1 In order to establish the Exhaust Quality Index (EQI) for 
undiluted exhaust emitted from the diesel engine or the last treat- 
ment device, the concentration of the various pollutants contained 
in the exhaust shall be the considered additive in accordance with 
the following expression: 

EQI = (CO/50) + (NO/25) + (RCD/2) + 1.5 [(S0 2 /3) + (RCD/2)] 
+ 1.2 [(N0 2 /3) + (RCD/2)], 

where EQI = exhaust quality index, 

CO = carbon monoxide concentration, ppm, 
NO = nitric oxide concentration, ppm, 
RCD = respirable combustion dust concentration, mg/m 3 , 
S0 2 = sulphur dioxide concentration, ppm, 
and N0 2 = nitrogen dioxide concentration, ppm. 

3.5.4.2 Ventilation air requirement shall be based on a dilution 
ratio of (EQI/3) where 3 is the maximum value of the ambient mine 
air Air Quality Index (AQI) in accordance with the calculation 
prescribed in clause 4.9.2. 

Note: AQI max = 3 and dilution ratio = EQI/AQI max. 

3.5.4.3 In circumstances where unusually low amounts of diesel 
particulates are emitted from the machine, it may be that the con- 
centration of one or more of the gaseous emissions will exceed the 



19 



current ACGIH-TLV. In such cases, sufficient ventilating air shall 
be provided to ensure that the concentration of each toxic constitu- 
ent, taken separately, does not exceed its ACGIH-TLV at its max- 
imum rate of generation. 

3.5.5 Exhaust Dilution System 

A dilution system shall reduce the undiluted toxic exhaust con- 
stituents emitted from the last treatment device, such as a water 
scrubber, to levels equivalent to an AQI of 6 for engine operating 
conditions producing the maximum combined toxicity of the emit- 
ted constituents. Exhaust dilution may be accomplished by a 
number of devices such as exhaust flow induced air entrainment, in- 
jection into radiator ejection air flow, mechanical baffling etc. The 
final diluted exhaust mixture shall be discharged from the vehicle in 
such a manner that it is directed away from the operator's compart- 
ment, passengers if applicable, and also away from the breathing 
zones of persons required to be along side the equipment. No ex- 
haust constituent designated as having a "C" (Ceiling) rating should 
exceed that rating at the operator's breathing zone. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

4.9.1 Dynamometer Emissions Tests 

One series of dynamometer emission tests on a single example of 
the specified power package shall be performed in an approved 
laboratory or test facility. The power package shall include all those 
systems which affect the levels of emitted toxic constituents. 

Such tests shall include but not necessarily be limited to: 

(a) confirmation of the maximum fuel rate setting. 

(b) fuel alteration system performance evaluation if applicable, 

(c) determination of untreated engine emissions, 

(d) exhaust treatment device(s) performance evaluation if ap- 
plicable, 

(e) exhaust dilution system performance evaluation. 
Variations due to the addition of methane (CH 4 ) in the intake air 

shall be determined for items (b), (c), and (d). The engine submitted 
for test shall be pre-run to the extent required to allow it to be 
operated immediately at full load and speed in an approved 
laboratory or test facility. Couplings or adapters for attachment of 
the engine to the testing laboratory dynamometer shall be fur- 
nished by the applicant. Clutches, transmissions or torque con- 
verters, are not generally required in the coupling train. The fuel 
employed for engine dynamometer emission tests shall conform to 
CGSB Specification CAN 2-3.16-M84, "Mines Diesel Fuel."* 

4.9.2 Assessed Ventilation Recommendations 

The results of tests at the engine operating conditions which pro- 
duce the greatest toxicity hazard, and as specified in clause 4.9.1 
shall be employed in the following equation to assess the ventilation 
recommendation for the exhaust leaving the last exhaust treatment 
device prior to exhaust dilution and emission into the environment: 

Qdva = l M dx g x (EQI/3) + (9H 2 %/100) - 1 M f ]/3,600 p, 

where Q dva = flow rate of dry ventilating air for the diesel 
machine, m 3 /sec, 
M. = dry exhaust gas rate produced by combustion of 

the fuel consumption rate, kg/hr, 
EQI = exhaust quality index defined by clause 3.5.4.1, 
H 2 = percent by weight of hydrogen in the fuel, 
M f = fuel consumption rate, kg/hr, 
and p = dry ventilating air density, kg/m 3 . 

This level of ventilation will apply to all applications of the power 
package so tested. The above recommended ventilation rate per- 
tains to the worst engine operating conditions from an emissions 



toxicity point of view, and therefore represents a maximum. Local 
conditions of altitude, methane concentration, vehicle loading cy- 
cle, multiple machine density, mine layout, etc., may reduce this 
ventilation recommendation. See note 2 of clause 4.1 for ventilation 
reduction factors for various types of vehicle loading cycle. 

Noise Standards 

3.2.11 Noise Control (to be developed). 

Contact: Mr. E. D. Dainty 

Underground Environment R/D 

Coordinator 
Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy 

Technology 
555 Booth Street 
Ottawa, Canada KIA OGI 



ALBERTA 

According to T. Smith (24), Alberta's status is as 
follows: 

"We are presently rewording the Alberta Regulations. The 
regulations for the use of diesel equipment are incomplete and re- 
quire updating, we expect this to be completed in 1982. 

For the past two years we have agreed the operation and ap- 
proval of diesel equipment to the certification requirements of the 
Energy Mines and Resources Explosive Laboratories, 6 in addition 
that the complete machine be approved within the principles of the 
Testing Memorandum No. 12 6 prepared by the U.K. Inspectorate 
this until such time as the C.S.A. Standard is complete and in use." 

Contact: T. Smith, P.E. 

Safety Engineering Branch 
10709 Jasper Avenue 
Edmonton, Alberta T5J 3N3 

BRITISH COLUMBIA 

In British Columbia, the regulations for coal mines are 
separate from the regulations for metal and nonmetal 
mines. However, all standards pertaining to diesel engines 
underground, which are listed in the Mining Regulation Act 
(25) (for metal and nonmetal mines) are identical to those in 
the Coal Mine Regulation Act (26). The only difference is 
that the Coal Mine Regulation Act has some additional 
standards. 

Types of Engines Permitted 

No internal combustion engine other than a diesel engine shall be 
used underground and no diesel powered equipment shall be used 
unless it has been specifically approved for underground use by a 
recognized authority acceptable to the chief inspector and a permit 
has been issued by the chief inspector (25-26). 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

The diesel engines used in British Columbia's coal mines 
are certified by the Canadian Explosives Atmospheres 
Laboratory according to its preliminary draft proposal (27). 



5 See section on Canada. 

6 See section on United Kingdom. 



20 



Fuel Quality Specifications 

Fuel oil and lubricants shall be stored in quantities and in fuel 
rooms approved by the inspector. The minimum closed flash point 
of fuel shall not be less than 125° F (25-26). 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

No diesel engine shall be used underground if it has any defect 
which may affect its safe operation. All mobile diesel powered 
equipment shall be equipped with suitable lights, sound warning 
devices, fire extinguishers, [flame traps], and exhaust conditioners, 
and all shall be kept in working order. [The flame traps fitted to the 
diesel engine shall be detached and replaced by traps in clean condi- 
tion at least once in every 24 hours] (26). 

Note. -The Mining Regulation Act (25) for metal and 
nonmetal mines contains this same regulation, except the 
requirements for flame traps have been omitted. 

No diesel engine shall be operated if the exhaust gas contains 
more than 1,000 parts per million of carbon monoxide (25-26). 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing 
Engine Exhaust Gases 

The exhaust gases shall be sampled at least twice a week for car- 
bon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and other gases the inspector 
directs; and the results recorded (25). 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 



(2) Air measurements to determine the quantity of air circulating 
shall be taken within 300 feet from the first normal working place 
in each split intake, and the intake and return airways of each ven- 
tilating split, and at the main intake and return airways of the 
mine, and the measurements shall be taken at time intervals the in- 
spector may prescribe, and the results shall be entered in a book to 
be kept at the mine. 

(3) If an inspector is of the opinion that the ventilation of all or 
part of a mine is adequate in the interests of the health or safety of 
the persons employed, the inspector may serve notice in writing to 
the manager requiring improvement to certain minimum standards 
within a specified time, and it shall be the duty of the manager to 
comply with the notice. 

Noise Standards 

Noise Control (25-26) 

164. (1) The manager shall take all reasonable measures to ensure 
that noise levels do not exceed suitable standards. 

(2) Where noise levels exceed suitable standards, the manager 
shall provide suitable protective equipment, and no person shall 
work in areas with excessive noise levels without wearing the 
equipment. 

Contact: T. C. Carter, P.E. 

Senior Mechanical-Electrical Inspector 

Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum 

Resources 

Rm 105 

525 Superior Street 

Victoria, B.C. V8V 1T7 



Standards of ventilating air (25-26) 

The ventilation in every mine shall be such that the air in all of its 
workings that are in use or are to be used by workers or others shall 
be free from injurious amounts of impurities and shall contain suffi- 
cient oxygen to obviate danger to the health of anyone in the mine. 
The chief inspector may declare in writing the standards for per- 
missible mine air which in the chief inspector's judgment are in the 
interest of the workers employed in the mine, and air not meeting 
these standards may be classed as injurious. 

No work in dusty places (25-26) 

No person shall work or remain, or be permitted or caused to 
work or remain, in or about any place in a mine if the air contains 
dust and fumes in injurious quantities, except under emergent or 
temporary conditions and only if protective equipment is provided 
and worn. 

Diesel engines shall be operated where the volume of ventilating 
air being supplied is at all times more than that specified by a 
testing laboratory satisfactory to the chief inspector. Mobile diesel 
powered equipment shall not be operated in such a manner that the 
exhaust gases produced are travelling with and enveloping the 
vehicle (25-26). 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

Tests for CO, NO, and other gases as the inspector directs, shall 
be conducted in the general body of the air at least once each day, 
and the results recorded (25-26). 

Air measurements shall be taken and recorded at least once a 
week where diesel engines are operating (25-26). 

Coal mines only: 

Ventilation quantities, splits and measurements (26) 

146. (1) Where necessary for efficient and effective ventilation, 
every mine shall be divided into separate ventilating splits. 



MANITOBA 
Types of Engines Permitted 

Internal combustion engines underground (28) 

8.10 Where an internal combustion engine is operated 
underground 

(a) written permission of the chief mining engineer shall be ob- 
tained before the engine is operated: 

(b) the equipment shall be operated in accordance with the con- 
ditions stated in the written permission mentioned in clause (a): 

(c) there shall be maintained a Diesel Record Book, in which 
shall be recorded all information as required in the letter of permis- 
sion. 

Requirements for the Operation of Diesel Equipment Underground 
(29) 

No internal combustion engine shall be installed or operated 
underground in any mine unless the permission in writing of the 
Director be first obtained. 

Permission may be given for specified equipment to be operated 
according to the following requirements, under conditions and in 
locations as are outlined in an application to the Director of Mines. 

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Engine 

1. The engine shall be of a type which is suitable for use 
underground in mines as determined from the information required 
by Clause 17. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

Application (29) 

17. An application for permission to use diesel equipment 
underground shall be sent to the Mines Branch, Department of 



21 



Mines, Resources and Environmental Management, Winnipeg, and 
shall include the following information: 

(a) The type of construction, complete identification data and 
specifications of the engine with an analysis of the undiluted ex- 
haust gas from an approved laboratory. 

Samples of exhaust gas (after the scrubber) shall be taken for 
each engine under varied conditions of engine speed and load and 
analyzed for carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and aldehydes. 

(b) The type of equipment and number of units to be used. 

(c) Drawings showing the location and extent of the operating 
area, the location and design of the fuelling stations and diesel 
repair shops, details of the ventilation of the area, and the method 
of transport and storage of the fuel. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

Fuel (29) 

10. The fuel shall have a flash point of not less than 125° F 
(closed-cup) and a sulphur content not greater than 0.5% by weight. 
Fuels with a heavy asphalt base shall not be used. 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

Engine (29) 

2. The engine exhaust system shall be fitted with a suitable scrub- 
ber and, in gassy mines, with a flame trap. 

3. The exhaust system shall be arranged or fitted in a suitable 
manner to provide diffusion of the gas with the atmosphere so that 
persons alongside will not encounter the undiluted exhaust from 
the scrubber. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing 
Engine Exhaust Gases 

Engine (29) 

4. The exhaust shall be fitted with a plug or petcock, after the 
scrubber, to provide a suitable means for taking samples of the un- 
diluted exhaust gas. 

Operation (29) 

28. At least once in every eight hours the exhaust system and 
scrubber shall be inspected. The level of the scrubbing fluid shall be 
checked at intervals on each shift as may be required. 

29. Tests for carbon monoxide concentration for each engine shall 
be carried out at least after every eighty hours of operation ... in 
the undiluted engine exhaust gas. 

32. An analysis of the undiluted engine gas may be required from 
time to time, for carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and 
aldehydes, and shall be made for each new engine and after each 
major engine overhaul. Results shall be recorded in the 
Underground Diesel Equipment Record Book and a copy of the 
analysis sent to the Mineral Resources Division. 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

Ventilation Requirements (28) 

Ventilation of working places. 

4.22 (1) All places in or at mines where persons are required to 
work or travel shall be ventilated, to maintain safe and healthy en- 
vii-onmental conditions; and the ventilating air shall contain suffi- 
cient oxygen to obviate danger to health. 

Safe atmosphere in work places. 

4.22 (2) In any travelway or regular working place, the oxygen 
content in the atmosphere shall be not less than eighteen per cent 
by volume and the concentration of contaminants in the at- 
mosphere shall not exceed the Threshold Limit Values recommend- 



ed by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial 
Hygienists, and published in its updated pamphlet, "Threshold 
Limit Values for Chemical Substances in Workroom Air as 
Adopted by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial 
Hygienists (ACGIH)," as amended from time to time. 

Ventilation (29) 

6. Where diesel powered equipment is operated underground the 
ventilation shall be by mechanical means with auxiliary fans when 
required. A visible warning signal shall be so arranged as to in- 
dicate to the operator when the mechanical ventilation system serv- 
ing the area is not operating. 

7. The ventilating air supplied to the area shall contain not less 
than 20% by volume of oxygen and not more than 0.5% carbon 
dioxide. 

8. The volume of air supplied for ventilation shall be such as to 
maintain the atmosphere in accordance with the requirements of 
Clause 9, and in any case shall be not less than 75 cubic feet per 
minute per maximum brake horsepower for the total of the engines 
to be operated in the area. 

9. No diesel engine shall be operated when the carbon monoxide 
content of the undiluted exhaust gas exceeds 2,500 ppm or when 
the quality of the atmosphere at any location does not conform to 
the following: 

(a) Carbon Monoxide, in the area immediately adjacent to a 
diesel engine, to be not greater than 50 parts per million (0.005%). 

(b) Carbon Monoxide, in the general atmosphere of the 
operating area, to be not greater than 20 parts per million 
(0.002%). 

(c) Carbon Dioxide to be not greater than 5,000 parts per 
million (0.5%). 

(d) Nitrogen Dioxide to be not greater than 5 parts per million 
(0.0005%). 

(e) Aldehydes to be not greater than 5 parts per million 
(0.0005%). 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine 
Air Quality and Quantity 

Operation (29) 

29. The following tests for carbon monoxide concentration for 
each engine shall be carried out at least after every eighty hours of 
operation and recorded in the Underground Diesel Equipment 
Record Book. 

(a) In the atmosphere adjacent to the engine while it is running. 

31. Suitable locations shall be selected as check points for the 
following measurements: 

(a) The carbon monoxide content in the general atmosphere 
shall be tested daily and recorded, together with the locations 
checked and units operating at the time, in the Underground Diesel 
Equipment Record Book. 

(Note: In general, when the engine exhaust is not smoky or 
strongly irritating, a concentration of carbon monoxide in the at- 
mosphere not exceeding 0.002 per cent will indicate that the oxides 
of nitrogen and aldehydes do not exceed safe limits.) 

(b) At least weekly, measurements shall be made of the ven- 
tilating current and recorded for each location in the Underground 
Diesel Equipment Record Book. 

(c) An analysis of the atmosphere in the operating area may be 
required from time to time, for carbon monoxide, oxides of 
nitrogen and aldehydes. The results shall be recorded, together 
with the units operating and the locations sampled in the 
Underground Diesel Equipment Record Book. A copy of the entry 
shall be sent to the Mineral Resources Division. 

Noise Standards 

Control of exposure to noise (28). 

4.24 Employees shall not be exposed to noise in excess of the 
Threshold Limit Values recommended by the American Conference 
of Governmental Industrial Hygienists and published in its updated 



22 



pamphlet, "Threshold Limit Values of Physical Agents for 1972," 
as amended from time to time. 

Contact: R. H. Glassford, Chief Mining Engineer 
Dept. of Energy and Mines 
989 Century Street 
Winnipeg, Manitoba R3H 0W4 

NEW BRUNSWICK 

New Brunswick has phased out underground mining, 
but coal is still being produced from surface locations (SO). 

Contact: Mr. E. D. Dainty 

Underground Environment R/D Coordinator 
Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy 

Technology 
555 Booth Street 
Ottawa, Canada KIA OGI 



NEWFOUNDLAND 
Types of Engines Permitted 

No internal combustion engine may be operated underground 
unless approval has first been obtained in writing from the Chief 
Inspector for each and every engine (31). 

These engines must be of an approved type directed for mine use 
(32). 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

Engines are deemed to be approved if a prototype has been 
tested by CANMET or MSHA (USBM) or any other recognized 
government testing laboratory (32). 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

(1) No substance shall be used in any mine as fuel in or for an in- 
ternal combustion engine of the compression-ignition type unless it 
conforms to the specification 3-GP-6 7 made or set by Canadian 
Government Specifications Board and any modifications or revi- 
sions thereof from time to time for the place or region designated in 
the specification (31). 

(2) Fuel with a heavy asphalt base shall not be used in any 
underground operations (31). 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

Internal Combustion Engines (31) 

85. The chief inspector may suspend or revoke the approval given 
under the provisions of these regulations for an internal combus- 
tion engine if the engine, in test operation or regular operation, 
produces noxious exhaust gases in excess of the amounts stated as 
follows: - 

(a) carbon monoxide content in undiluted exhaust of 0.15 per 
centum by volume; 

(b) carbon monoxide content of the atmosphere adjacent to the 
engine of 0.005 per centum by volume; 

(c) oxides of nitrogen content at the atmosphere adjacent to the 
engine of 0.0005 per centum by volume; 

(d) aldehyde content of the atmosphere adjacent to the engine 
by 0.0002 per centum by volume (measured as formaldehyde). 

89. Every internal combustion engine operated underground 
shall be equipped with an approved type of scrubber, and except 



See "Fuel Quality Specifications" in Canada section. 



with the permission of the chief inspector in writing the scrubber 
shall be of the wet type, and shall contain only plain fresh water 
which shall be changed at least once in each eight hour shift or as 
often as may be required to maintain the temperature of the ex- 
haust gases below 80 degrees Celcius (80° C). 

Diesel Engines (33) 

(iii) When Diesel engines are used: 

(A) they shall be in a state of repair that will give performance 
approximated to that of new engines. 

(B) they shall be checked regularly and shall be maintained in 
good operating condition. 

(C) they shall be equipped with suitable exhaust-gas condi- 
tioners approved by the Director, which are properly maintained, 
and regularly serviced. 

(D) they shall not be permitted to idle unnecessarily, and 
operating time shall be kept to a minimum. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

Maintenance and Records (31) 

90. For each internal combustion engine operating underground 
the manager shall cause a log book to be kept in which the following 
shall be recorded - 

(a) at once in an eight hour shift; 
(ii) the CO content of the exhaust gases at the scrubber. 

50.4 Diesel engines (33) 

(c) When diesel equipment is being operated underground 
(i) tests shall be made by a competent person for carbon monox- 
ide and nitrogen dioxide, at least every eight hours, and 

(ii) an instrument acceptable to the Director shall be provided 
for this purpose. 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

50.4 Diesel engines (33) 

(a) (i) When diesel engines are used underground, mechanical ven- 
tiliation shall be used to effectively ventilate all work areas, 
(ii) The volume of ventilating air shall not be less than that re- 
quired to limit the contamination of the general atmosphere to 
those levels established in the current ACGIH publication. 

Oxygen Content of Atmosphere (31) 

86. The chief inspector may withhold, suspend, or revoke, the ap- 
proval for operation of an internal combustion engine underground 
if the oxygen content of the general atmosphere of the mine is less 
than 20 per centum by volume. 

88. No approval for the operation of an internal combustion 
engine underground may be given unless positive mechanical ven- 
tilation of the mine is employed, and the volume of air supplied by 
the ventilation system to every area where the engine may be 
operated shall not be less than the greater of- 

(a) 0.5 cubic metres per second for each brake kilowatt 
(.05m 3 /sec/kw) of the internal combustion engine or engines in 
operation plus the normal requirements for all other purposes; or 

(b) an amount required to maintain at all times the atmospheric 
conditions set forth in regulations 85 and 86. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

50.2 Diesel engines (33) 

(a) (iv) Measurements of the air volume of the mechanical ventila- 
tion system shall be made at suitable intervals to ensure compliance 
with the minimum air volume requirements. Measurements shall be 



23 



made at the end of the ventilation duct near the working face. 
Records shall be maintained of all air-volume measurements. 

Maintenance and Records (31) 

90. For each internal combustion engine operated underground 
the manager shall cause a log book to be kept in which the following 
shall be recorded - 

(a) at least once in each eight hour shift; 

(i) the carbon monoxide content of the atmosphere taken ad- 
jacent to the engine. 

(b) at least once in each week; 

(iii) the volume of air supplied by the ventilation system to the 
most remote point where the engine is operated. 

(c) at least once in six months: 

(i) the results of a complete analysis of the atmosphere at the 
exhaust port of the scrubber, the atmosphere adjacent to the 
engine, a remote point in the area of operation of the engine. 

Precautions Against Accumulation of Carbon Monoxide (31) 

93. At least once in every six months and as often as may be con- 
sidered necessary by an inspector, three samples of air shall be 
taken from the uppermost recesses of the workings where the in- 
ternal combustion engine is operating; and, once in each year three 
samples shall be taken from the uppermost and accessible 
underground recesses of the mine where the internal combustion 
engine is operating; and, in both cases the samples shall be sent to 
the chief inspector. 

(The Schedule of Mandatory Test required by Reg's 90(c) and 93 
shall be considered to be met if the following procedures are fol- 
lowed: Representative samples are to be taken, in areas to be 
specified by an inspector, and sent to a Laboratory, approved by 
the chief inspector, for analysis to determine the percentages by 
volume of the following components: carbon monoxide, carbon 
dioxide, oxygen, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen. In addition to these 
tests the oxides of nitrogen (measured as N0 2 ) and aldehyde 
(measured as fomaldehyde) content of the atmosphere, adjacent to 
each engine, shall be measured by detector tubes when the engine 
is first used in underground workings and thereafter, once each 
month for oxides of nitrogen and once each three months for 
aldehydes. A copy of the laboratory analysis shall be sent to the 
chief inspector and the analysis record and tube measurements 
shall be recorded in the log book(s) of the engines.) 

Noise Standards 

31.5 Noise Hazards (33) 

(a) When workers are required to work in areas in which noise 
levels exceed the criteria for permissible noise exposure: 

(i) the employer shall first take appropriate measures to reduce 
the noise intensity to approved levels, or 

(ii) if it is not practicable to reduce the noise to approved noise 
levels, or isolate the workers from the noise the workers shall wear 
personal protective equipment which will effectively protect their 
hearing. 

(b) Criteria for Permissible Noise shall be as established by 
ACGIH. 

Contact: J. G. Archibald, Regional Engineer 

Occupational Health and Safety Division 
Department of Labour and Manpower 
P.O. Box 4750 
St. John's, Newfoundland, A1C 5T7 

NOVA SCOTIA 

Nova Scotia has separate regulations for coal mines and 
metalliferous mines. In the regulations for metal mines, 
only three regulations pertain to diesel engines 
underground. These are included and referenced. 



Types of Engines Permitted 

Diesel Locomotives (3b) 

83. Rule (6) No diesel locomotive shall be used unless it is a type 
which has been approved by the Minister; and all parts of the 
locomotive and its accessories shall be properly maintained in their 
designed condition. 

Ventilation (35) 

15. (d) No internal combustion engine shall be installed or 
operated underground in any mine without the written permission 
of an inspector. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

The Canadian Explosives Atmospheres Laboratory 
(CEAL) certifies coal mine diesels in accordance with the 
draft code: "Flameproof Diesel-Powered Vehicles for Use in 
Gassy Underground Coal Mines" (22). See section on Canada 
(national regulations) for specifications. 

Diesel Locomotives (3b) 

83. Rule (2) The Minister may permit the operations of diesel 
locomotives in coal mines on any roadway, either on the intake or 
return side of any ventilation district, such as may be specified in 
the application by the mine's manager. 

Rule (3) An Application for a permit to operate a diesel 
locomotive in a coal mine shall be made to the Minister and shall 
contain the following information; 

(a) the type of construction of the diesel locomotive; 

(b) the district or section of the mine in which the diesel 
locomotive will be operated; 

(c) The quantity of air passing and the percentage of inflam- 
mable gas present in the general body of the air determined on each 
shift, over a period of not less than six consecutive working days, at 
each end of a road, or part of a road, on which the diesel locomotive 
is proposed to be used, and at every intermediate point where air 
from a split enters the road; provided that with respect to any main 
intake airway commencing at a shaft or outlet to the surface, the 
percentage of inflammable gas shall not be required to be deter- 
mined except within three hundred yards of the face. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

Diesel Locomotives (3b) 

83. Rule (22) The oil used as fuel in any diesel locomotive 
underground; 

(a) shall have a flashpoint of not less than one hundred and fifty 
degrees Fahrenheight as determined in the manner indicated in the 
current British Standard Specifications (no. 209) and shall not have 
a heavy asphalt base. 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

Diesel Locomotives (3b) 

83. Rule (7) The exhaust from the engine of every diesel 
locomotive shall be fitted with a flameproof trap to prevent the 
emission of sparks and flames, and the emission of smoke or 
pungent fumes. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing 
Engine Exhaust Gases 

Diesel Locomotives (3b) 

83. Rule (21) A sample of exhaust gas from every locomotive shall 
be analyzed once at least in every month, and the locomotive shall 



24 



be deemed to be defective if the exhaust gas at any times contains 
more than two parts per thousand of carbon monoxide. 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

Metal/Nonmetal Mines (35) 

(17) (a) The ventilation in every mine shall be such that the air in 
all of its workings that are in use or are to be used by workmen 
(workers) or others shall be free from dangerous amount (amounts) 
of noxious inpurities and shall contain sufficient oxygen to obviate 
danger to the health of anyone employed in any such mine. 

(243) No person shall work or remain, or be permitted or required 
to work or remain, in any place in any mine if the air contains dust, 
fumes or smoke perceptible (perceptible) to the senses. 

Coal Mines (30) 

The Occupational Health Standards relating to gases and dusts 
are those listed in the Threshold Limit Values for Chemical 
Substances and Physical Agents for 1975, published by ACGIH and 
its subsequent amendments or revisions. 

Ventilation (34) 

69.9 No dust of a kind that is prohibited by the Minister on the 
ground that it would be injurious to the health of the persons work- 
ing in the mine shall be used for the purpose of complying with this 
Section. 

70 (1) Every mine while being worked shall be thoroughly ven- 
tilated and furnished with an adequate supply of pure air to dilute 
and render harmless inflammable and noxious gases to such an ex- 
tent that all underground places, except places sealed or properly 
fenced off according to law, shall be in safe and healthy condition 
for the persons passing and working therein. 

(2) An adequate supply of pure air shall mean such volume of air 
circulating in a mine and working places thereof as may be deemed 
necessary by the deputy inspector for the district in which the mine 
is situated. 

83.5 (d) if the percentage of inflammable gas present in the 
general body of the air is found to exceed 1.25 per cent, 

(i) the official in charge of the district, the manager and an in- 
spector shall immediately be informed and the use of such 
locomotive shall be discontinued forthwith and shall not be recom- 
mended except on the approval of an inspector and on the instruc- 
tions of the manager after steps have been taken to improve the 
ventilation and it has been ascertained by analysis that the percen- 
tage of inflammable gas present in the general body of the air does 
not exceed one per cent; 

(ii) the owner, agent or manager shall without delay report to 
the Chief Inspector any instance in which the use of diesel 
locomotives is discontinued because of inflammable gas. 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

Precautions Against Coal Dust (34) 

69.7 (7) For the purpose of testing the composition of the dust 
mixture in any part of a road, the following procedure shall be 
adopted, 

(a) Representative samples of the dust shall be collected from 
the floor, roof and sides, respectively, over an area of road not less 
than fifty yards in length, and shall comprise the dust collected on 
the roof and sides and to a depth not exceeding one quarter of an 
inch on the floor. 



(b) Each sample collected shall be well mixed and a portion of 
the mixture shall be sieved through a piece of metallic gauze, hav- 
ing a mesh of twenty-eight to the lineal inch. 

(c) A weighed quantity of the dust which has passed through 
the sieve shall be dried at two hundred and twelve degrees 
Fahrenheit, and the weight lost shall be reckoned as moisture. The 
sample shall then be brought to red heat in an open vessel until it no 
longer loses weight. The weight so lost shall be reckoned as com- 
bustible matter for the purpose of the test. 

(d) In dust mixtures which contain carbonates: 

(i) a weight quantity of the dried dust shall be heated in an 
open vessel to a temperature high enough to ensure complete 
decomposition of the carbonates (the high temperature of a 
blowpipe flame is required, and heating continued for about an 
hour) and until it no longer loses weight; and the percentage loss of 
weight shall be determined; 

(ii) a weighed quantity of the dried dust shall be treated with 
dilute acid in a suitable apparatus and the percentage loss of weight 
due to the evolution of carbonic gas shall be determined; 

(iii) the difference between the two percentage losses of 
weight so determined shall be reckoned as the percentage of com- 
bustible matter for the purpose of the test. 

(8) Tests of samples of dust, so taken as to be representative of 
the normal composition of the dust throughout the roads of the 
mine on the floor, roof and sides, respectively, shall be made as 
often as the inspector deems necessary, and the result of these 
tests shall be recorded and a copy sent to the deputy inspector of 
the district. 

70. (15) The owner, agent or manager of every mine, shall, once a 
year, or oftener if required by the Chief Inspector, send to him a 
plan and a return of facts relating to the mode and description of 
means of ventiliation, a description of the upcast and downcast 
shafts, of the length and sectional area of airways, the number of 
splits and quantity of fresh air in cubic feet per minute, and the 
average total quantity of air in cubic feet per minute in the mine. 

83. Rule (5) In every road or part of a road on which a diesel 
locomotive is operated, 

(a) the quantity of air passing and the percentage of inflam- 
mable gas present in the general body of the air shall, except as 
hereinafter provided, be determined at least once in every week, 
and in addition, whenever any alteration is made in the quantity of 
air circulating. 

(i) at each end of the road or part of a road; 
(ii) at such intermediate points as may be fixed by the 
manager, with the approval of an inspector; provided that with 
respect to any main intake airway commencing at a shaft or outlet 
to the surface, the percentage of inflammable gas shall not be re- 
quired to be determined except within three hundred yards of the 
face; 

(b) if the percentage of inflammable gas in any sample exceeds 
0.75 percent determinations shall be made <tt intervals not ex- 
ceeding twenty-four hours for so long as the percentage continues 
to exceed 0.75 per cent and for at least six working days thereafter; 

(c) the samples shall be taken by a competent person appointed by 
the manager in writing for the purpose, and at times when ex- 
perience shows that the percentage of inflammable gas is likely to 
be greatest, and a written record of the results shall be made to the 
manager and an inspector within seven days. 

Noise Standards 

Not specified in available literature. 

Contact: P. W. Phelan, P. E. 

Director of Engineering 

Nova Scotia Department of Mines and Energy 

P.O. Box 1087 

Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 2X1 



25 



ONTARIO 
Types of Engines Permitted 

Part VIII -Mechanical (36) 

175. (1) Before first using a diesel engine in an underground 
mine, 

(a) an engineer of the Ministry shall be advised in writing; and 

(b) a log book approved by the Ministry shall be obtained to 
record information prescribed to be kept therein. 

PREAMBLE (37) 

1.0 Section 213, sub-section (9), of Requirements Governing the 
Operation of Mines states: 

No internal combustion engine shall be installed or operated in 
a shaft or adit or in any working in connection with a shaft or adit 
unless permission in writing from the chief engineer is first ob- 
tained. 

NOTE: The responsibility for the written permission referred to 
has been delegated to the region and this permission must be first 
obtained from the Regional Engineer. 



Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

1.2 The written permission referred to in section 1.0, may be 
given for specified diesel equipment which shall be operated ac- 
cording to the Mining Act and the following additional re- 
quirements, under the conditions and in the locations as are outlin- 
ed in the application to the engineer. The engineer is empowered to 
order the immediate cessation of operations and the departure of 
personnel from any area of a mine until the standards of this code 
are met. Failure to comply with the requirements may result in 
cancellation of the diesel permit. 

APPLICATION (37) 

2.0 An application for permission to use diesel equipment 
underground shall be made in duplicate to the engineer and shall in- 
clude the following information: 

2.1 Pertinent identification data including the model number of 
the equipment, specifications of the engine (manufacturer, model 
number, brake horsepower, nominal rpm and fuel injection rate) 
and information as to the primary use of the equipment and any ex- 
ception of this proposed usage. 

2.2 Details of the braking systems. 

2.3 Details of the emission control system. 

2.4 Details of the fire suppression system. 

2.5 The specific equipment unit number designated and marked 
on the machine by the applicant. 

2.6 Drawings providing the following information. 

2.6.1 the location and extent of the area of operation for the 
diesel unit. 

2.6.2 the type of diesel equipment and the number of units to be 
used in the air split. 

2.6.3 details of the ventilation of the area of operation. 

2.7 The engineer may require details relating to: 

2.7.1 the design and location of fueling stations and repair 
shops, and 

2.7.2 the method of transport and storage of fuel. 

2.8 Applications for duplicate type equipment may be made with 
referral to prior applications. 

2.9 It is understood that an application is not required when a 
unit having prior approval is to be relocated to another area of the 
mine which has been approved for the operation of diesel equip- 



ment, providing that the ventilation requirements are met, and that 
notification of such move is made to the engineer. 

Engine (37) 

3.0 The engine shall be of a type which is suitable for use 
underground as determined from the information provided in the 
application. 

3.1 The engineer may require an analysis of the undiluted ex- 
haust gas (after the emission control system) for carbon monoxide, 
oxides of nitrogen and aldehydes, while the engine is idling and 
operating at full load. 

3.2 The engine shall be equipped with an approved starting 
system, and no starting engine using gasoline or other volatile fuel 
shall be used. 



Fuel Quality Specifications 

Part VIII -Mechanical (36) 

175. (3) The fuel for a diesel engine shall have, 

(a) a flash point greater than 52° Celsius when tested by a 
closed cup method, and 

(b) a sulphur content less than 0.25 per cent by weight. 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

Part VIII -Mechanical (36) 

175. (4) The undiluted exhaust gases from a diesel engine shall 
have less than 1,500 parts per million by volume of carbon monox- 
ide. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing 
Engine Exhaust Gases 

Part VIII -Mechanical (36) 

176. (4) Tests shall be made to determine, 

(b) the carbon monoxide content of the undiluted exhaust 
discharging to atmosphere, 

(i) at least weekly, and 

(ii) immediately following repairs to the engine which may 
have altered its combustion characteristics. 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

Part VIII -Mechanical (36) 

176. (2) A positive flow of air to the work place where a diesel unit 
or units are operating shall be provided by a mechanical ventilation 
system. 

(3) The flow of air prescribed in subsection (2) shall 

(a) be at least 0.06 cubic metres per second for each brake 
kilowatt of the diesel unit or units operating in the work place; and 

(b) reduce the concentration of toxic substances in diesel ex- 
haust emissions to prevent the exposure of a worker to such toxic 
substances in excess of the values adopted as criteria or guides 
under section 279. 

Part XI -Working Environment (36) 

279. As a factor to be considered under clause 20 (8) (f) of the Act, 
the "TLV's Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and 



26 



Physical Agents in the Workroom Environment with Intended 
Changes for 1979," of the American Conference of Governmental 
Industrial Hygienists, are adopted as criteria or guides. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

Part VIII -Mechanical (36) 

176. (4) Tests shall be made to determine, 

(a) the volume of air flowing in underground haulageways and 
workings where diesel equipment is working, at least weekly; 

(b) the carbon monoxide content of the atmosphere at the 
operator's position, 

(i) at least weekly, and 

(ii) upon a request of the operator for cause. 

(c) the nitrogen dioxide content of the atmosphere at the 
operator's position, at least weekly; and 

(d) the aldehyde content of the atmosphere at the operator's 
position, at least every three months. 

Noise Standards 

Part IV -Toxic Substance (36) 

(8) In making a decision or order, a Director, the Minister, or, 
where a person has been appointed under subsection (5), the person 
so appointed, shall consider as relevant factors, 

(f) any criteria 8 or guide with respect to the exposure of a 
worker to a biological, chemical or physical agent or combination of 
such agents that are adopted by a regulation. 

Contact: Mr. P. B. McCrodan 

Director -Mining Health and Safety Branch 

Ministry of Labour 

15th Floor 

400 University Avenue 

Toronto, Ontario M7A 1T7 



QUEBEC 
Types of Engines Permitted 

It is forbidden to install and use internal combustion engines 
underground in a mine without prior approval of each engine from 
the chief mining inspector (38). 



Engine Emission Control Requirements 

Vehicles with internal combustion engines (39) 

In an underground mine or an underground construction site, all 
vehicles run by internal combustion engines must, except in the 
case mentioned in article 31: 

(a) be provided with a diesel type motor 

(b) must abstain from emitting in the air non diluted escaping 
gas containing more than 0.25% carbon monoxide. 

(c) must abstain from emitting continually black smoke in the 
air. 

All vehicles must be furnished with a cooling device for the ex- 
haust gas which permits one to maintain the latter at 83 Celsius 
(181F) no matter what the working condition of the motor. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing 
Engine Exhaust Gases 

The operator of all mining establishments regulated by the pres- 
ent article should keep a vehicle log in which to note at least once a 
week the concentration of carbon monoxide in the non diluted ex- 
haust gas of each vehicle used in the mine (39). 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

Flow of air in underground workings (39) 

All underground construction and underground mines must be 
supplied with fresh air at the rate of a minimum flow of air 
equivalent to the greatest of the following requirements: 

(a) 5.50 cubic meters per minute of fresh air for each worker 
underground or 

(b) 15 cubic meters per minute for each square meter of section 
in the case of a tunnel: or 

(c) in the case in which diesel equipment is used, all flows of air 
prescribed for diesel equipment enumerated in Schedule 24 and 
Schedule 31 of the U.S. Bureau of Mines or 5.50 cubic meters per 
minute per kilowatt in the shaft for equipment not enumerated in 
the said documents. 

When one uses simultaneously in the same ventilation circuit 
several diesel motors, the total quantity of fresh air ought to be 
100% of the flow calculated for the motor with the highest fresh air 
flow requirement from the point of view of ventilation, 75% of the 
flow given for the second unit and 50% given for all supplementary 
units. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

The operators of all mining establishments should keep a log in 
which to note at least once a week the flow of ventilation air that 
circulates in the area in which each vehicle is used (39). 



Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

Not specified in available literature. 



Fuel Quality Specifications 

Sulphur content 

All hydrocarbon fuels used for diesel equipment or any vehicle 
whatsoever in underground construction or underground mines 
should have a sulphur content of less than 0.25% (39). 



8 For criteria (noise standards) use ACGIH-TLVs. See section 279 in "Mine 
Air Quality and Quantity Requirements." 



Noise Standards 

22. Noise Protection (39) 

(a) A mine operator must take all appropriate measures to 
assure that employees are not subjected to noise levels whose inten- 
sity exceeds agreed upon norms as accepted by the chief mining in- 
spector. 

(b) When the noise level exceeds conventional norms, the 
operator must furnish appropriate protective devices that 
employees may conveniently carry for self-protection. 

Contact: M. Georges Courtemanche, P.E., Inspect. 

Commission de la sante et de la securite du travail 

du Quebec 
1, Pare Samuel Holland 
Bureau 440 
Quebec, G1S 4R7 



27 



SASKATCHEWAN 



Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 



Saskatchewan does not have any underground coal 
mines nor legislation covering coal mines (30). 

Types of Engines Permitted 

Part XXII: Use of Diesel Engines Underground (40) 

444. (1) The mine employer shall not use or permit any internal 
combustion engine to be used underground at a mine other than a 
diesel engine approved by the chief inspector. 



Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

Part XXII: Use of Diesel Engines Underground (40) 

444. (2) The chief inspector may require the mine employer to 
provide all necessary specifications and performance data of the 
diesel engine including an analysis of the exhaust gases under rele- 
vant conditions. 



Fuel Quality Specifications 

Part XXII: Use of Diesel Engines Underground (40) 

444.14 (1) The employer at a mine shall ensure that the oil used as 
fuel in a diesel engine underground, 

(a) has a flash point of not less than fifty-two degrees Celcius 
(closed cup); 

(b) has a sulphur content not greater than one-half of one per- 
cent by mass; 

(c) does not have a heavy asphalt base. 



Engine Emission Control Requirements 

Part XXII: Use of Diesel Engines Underground (40) 

444.02 The mine employer shall ensure that, 
(a) every diesel engine used underground is equipped with an 
exhaust gas scrubber of a type and size approved by the chief in- 
spector. 

444.12 The employer at a mine shall not permit the operator of a 
diesel engined vehicle used underground to keep the engine run- 



ning 



(a) while the vehicle is unattended; 

(b) while the vehicle is stationary for other than a short period; 

(c) while the vehicle is being refuelled. 



Part XXII: Use of Diesel Engines Underground (40) 

444.04 Notwithstanding and in addition to the requirements of 
any other regulations under the Act, the mine employer shall not 
use or permit the use of any diesel engine underground at a mine 
unless the following conditions are maintained, 

(a) the ventilation of the mine is by mechanical means; 

(b) the concentration of gases does not exceed in the operator's 
position of the diesel engined equipment or at any point in the 
vicinity of the equipment where workers work or pass in any work 
place or travelway in the mine, 

(i) in the case of carbon monoxide twenty-five parts per 
million; 

(ii) in the case of carbon dioxide five thousand parts per 
million; 

(iii) in the case of nitrogen dioxide two parts per million; 

(c) the percentage of oxygen in the air shall not be less than 
nineteen by volume; 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

Part XXII: Use of Diesel Engines Underground (40) 

444.08 (1) Where diesel engines are used underground the mine 
employer shall institute an adequate program, 

(a) to determine the effect on the mine air of the exhaust gases 
and tests shall be made, 

(i) at suitable places which will be representative of the ex- 
posure of workers to those gases; 

(ii) at intervals of not more than one week at a time when the 
concentration of the exhaust gases is most likely to be highest. 

Noise Standards 

No person is permitted to work in excessive noise without wear- 
ing suitable hearing protection. The manager is required to take all 
steps practicable to prevent injury to the hearing of a person by 
reducing or eliminating noise from any machine and to designate 
the areas where protective hearing equipment shall be worn (30). 

Contact: J. R. Alderman, Chief Inspector of Mines 
Occupational Health and Safety Branch 
Saskatchewan Labour 
1150 Rose St. 
Regina, Saskatchewan S4P 3V7 



YUKON TERRITORY 
Types of Engines Permitted 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

Part XXII: Use of Diesel Engines Underground (40) 

444.06 (3) The employer at a mine shall take effective steps to en- 
sure that all diesel engined equipment is adequately maintained and 
where any unsafe condition may occur on any equipment this equip- 
ment is withdrawn from use forthwith. 
444.08 The mine employer shall institute an adequate program 

(lXb) to test the undiluted exhaust gases of all diesel engines at 
regular intervals not exceeding one month and this test shall be 
made before the exhaust gases pass through any exhaust gas scrub- 
ber. 

(2) Every test required by this section shall be made by a com- 
petent person appointed by the mine employer and the method of 
testing shall be approved. 



No internal combustion engine may be operated underground 
without authority in writing from an inspector and under the condi- 
tions he may specify (41). 

Appendix A (42) 

An applicant for authority to operate equipment powered by in- 
ternal combustion engines in mines shall submit to an inspector: 

(a) an application in duplicate showing the type of construction, 
complete identification data and specifications of the equipment, 

(b) the approval number issued by an approved testing 
laboratory or other acceptable agency. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

Not specified in available literature. 



28 



Fuel Quality Specifications 

Appendix A (41) 

5. (1) Where diesel equipment is operated underground 
(a) diesel fuel oil having a closed flash-point lower than 117 
degrees Fahrenheit determined by the Pensky-Marten method 
shall not be used. 



Engine Emission Control Requirements 

The locomotive or equipment is equipped with an efficient scrub- 
ber for exhaust gases (41). 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

Not specified in available literature. 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

Appendix A (41) 

2. (1) No inspector shall authorize the operation of equipment 
powered by internal combustion engines in any mine unless he is 
satisfied from information submitted to him or as the result of a 
personal inspection made by him, 

(c) that the ventiliation system is mechanically controlled, and 
is capable of supplying to the operating area an air current of suffi- 
cient volume to dilute the exhaust gases of the equipment to a con- 
centration of not more than 

(i) 0.01 per cent of carbon monoxide by volume in the at- 
mosphere adjacent to the equipment, and 

(ii) 0.0020 per cent of carbon monoxide by volume in the 
general atmosphere, 

but the volume of the air current shall not be less than 75 cubic feet 
per minute for each maxinum brake horsepower of the equipment 
in addition to the normal requirements of the mine. 

3. (1) No diesel equipment shall be operated underground in any 
mine where 

(a) the carbon dioxide content of the air in the operating area 
exceeds 0.75 per cent by volume, 

(b) the percentage of methane or other flammable gases in the 
air in the operating area exceeds 1.25 per cent by volume. 

For other gases we use the ACGIH-TLV's as guidelines (42). 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

Appendix A (41) 

Where diesel equipment is operated underground 

(a) the air in the operating area shall be tested for carbon 
monoxide every day, 

(b) the volume of air supplied to the operating area shall be 
measured every week. 

3. (2) Where methane or other flammable gases are found to exist 
in percentages exceeding 0.75 per cent by volume in the operating 
area of any mine, the air in the operating area shall be tested at 
least once a week. 

4. (1) Before diesel equipment is put into regular service 
underground a test shall be made to ensure that the ventilating air 
current is sufficient and that the concentration of noxious gases in 
the operating area does not exceed the percentages permitted, and 
the results of the tests shall be forthwith sent to an inspector. 

Noise Standards 

48. (3) Permissible Noise Exposure (42) 

(a) The manager shall take all reasonable measures to ensure 
that no workman will be exposed to noises in excess of the levels 
shown in the table below. 

(b) Where noise levels exceed the levels shown in the table 
below, the manager shall provide protective equipment. 

(c) No person shall work without protective equipment if noise 
levels exceed the levels shown in the table below: 

Time per Sound level, 

day, hours dB(A) 

8 90 

6 92 

4 95 

3 97 

2 100 

1Vj 102 

1 105 

Vi 100 

V* or less 115 

NOTE.— Ruling value: No exposure in excess of 115 dBA. 

Contact: C. H. Macdonald, P.E. 
Chief Inspector of Mines 
Northern Affairs Program 
200 Range Road 
Whitehorse, Y.T. Y1A3V1 



CHILE 



The use of diesel equipment underground is not 
specifically covered, but it is not prohibited, provided the 
contaminants of the exhaust gases are maintained below the 
fixed maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) in the ven- 
tilation air (43). 

Types of Engines Permitted 

Not specified in available literature. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 



Fuel Quality Specifications 

Not specified in available literature. 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

Article 48. Motor vehicles will not be permitted in transit if they 
have a defective horn, steering gear, brakes, lights and/or emission 
control (-44). 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 



Not specified in available literature. 



Not specified in available literature. 



29 



Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

1. Ventilation (^4) 

Article 272. The work fronts, access roads or communication 
passages will not be considered safe, if the air indicates more than 
50 parts per million carbon monoxide, or more than 5 parts per 
million nitrogen oxides or more than 2 percent methane is allowed 
and there must be at least 19.5 percent oxygen. If these minimums 
are exceeded, it will be mandatory that workers leave the mine. 

Article 273. Polluted air which is unhealthy or hazardous to 
workers will be carefully diverted from the work areas and 
passages in use by the miners. 

When polluted air is present the work day will be reduced or the 
number of workers will be limited. 

Article 268. The atmosphere will be purified with a flow of fresh 
air at least 3 cubic meters (3m 3 ) equivalent to 100 cubic feet of air 
per minute for every person working in any spot of the mine's in- 
terior, and at each location of the underground mine where workers 
will be in order to perform their tasks. This flow will be regulated, 
taking into consideration the number of workers, labor extent, the 
mine's natural emanations and gallery sections. By no means will it 
be permitted to have more than 75 workers in each circuit, nor 
speed over 150 meters per minute. 

Supreme Decree No. 19 (45) 

Article 1- Maximum permissible environmental concentrations, 
abbreviated as MPEC, of environmental pollutants in any place 
where people work, shall be as indicated by or resulting from Ar- 
ticles 5, 7 and 8. They shall be understood to apply for an 8 hour 
working day and a total of 48 hours per week, and they may only be 
surpassed momentarily if the daily weighted average concentration 
does not exceed the maximum permissible amount except as 
specified in Article 2. For shifts of 44 and 40 hours per week such 
concentrations will be increased by 10% and 20%, respectively. 

Article 4 -In the case of high altitude workplaces, the maximum 
permissible environmental concentrations should be modified ac- 
cording to the following equation: 



MPEC at 
high altitude 



MPEC at 
sea level 



Local atmospheric 
pressure (mm Hg) 

760 (mm Hg) 



Article 7- Maximum permissible environmental concentrations 
for particles that are toxic to the lungs, inorganic or of plant origin, 
are indicated below. 

INORGANIC PARTICLES 

SILICA (Si0 2 ): 

Crystaline silica (quarz): Two methods can be used for these par- 
ticles; they can be counted or weighed (gravimetric method). 

Particle Counting: The MPEC is expressed in particles per liter 
of air (p.p.l.) and can be determined according to the following 
equation: 



MPEC 



8 500 000 



p.p.l. 



% quartz + 10 

The above equation is valid for samples taken with an air sampler 

near the respiratory system, and read with a common microscope. 

Gravimetric System: the MPEC is expressed in milligrams per 

cubic meter of air (mg/m 3 ), and is determined according to the 

following equation: 



Breathable dust: MPEC = 



mg/m :l 



% breathable quarz + 2 



This equation is applied to the proportion of the dust sample that 
can go through a filter that selects particles according to size, with 
the following characteristics: 

Aerodynamic diameter % crossing 

(microns) the selector 

up to 2 90 

2.5 75 

3.5 50 

5.0 25 

10.0 

Total dust (breathable and not breathable): 

MPEC = " g 

% quarz + 3 

Amorphous silica: 560 000 p.p.l. 

Molten silica: Apply the equations for quarz. 

Chrystobalite and Tridimite: Use one half of the figure 

calculated for quarz (by particle count or by gravimetric methods). 

SILICATES (less than 1% quarz): 

Asbestos (all types): 5 fibers per milliliter of air, measuring more 
than 5 microns (5 fibers larger than 5 /Jml). This method is valid us- 
ing a membrane filter, a dark field microscope and 400 to 450 X 
magnification. 

Steatite: 560 000 p.p.l. 

Portland Cement: 850 000 p.p.l. 

Mica: 560 000 p.p.l. 

Talc (non asbestos): 560 000 p.p.l. 

Talc (fibrous): Use the MPEC for asbestos. 

Tremolite: Use the MPEC for asbestos. 

Natural diatom powder: 560 000 p.p.l. 

CARBON 

Bituminous coal 
Breathable dust 

with less than 5% quarz: 2 mg/m 3 . 

with 5% quarz or more: Use equations for quarz. 
Natural graphite: 420 000 p.p.l. 

PLANT DUST 

Cotton, raw, breathable: 0.16 mg/m 3 (lint free and measured with 
a vertical elutriator). 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

1. Ventilation (U) 

Article 269. - Effective ventilation will be used to avoid hazards 
to workers and it should avoid as much as possible the auxiliary air- 
ing of the works. At least once a month, there must be an appraisal 
of the air flow at the principal air intake of each work area. An ap- 
praisal must also be made at each section of the mine, and as close 
as possible to the air intake of the section fronts, with losses not to 
exceed 1 5 percent. 

Article 272 - Acceptable detection methods are: a methane detec- 
tor or other types of chemical analysis. The tests should be done in 
an environment free of humidity. 



Noise Standards 

Supreme Decree No. 19 (45) 

Article 13 -Noise exposure can be differentiated according to 
whether the noise is continuous or explosive. 



30 



Continuous noise. The permissible level of sound, measured in 
decibels (slow dB(a)), is related to the time of exposure, according 
to the following table: 



85 
86 
87 


Noise 

level, 

slow dB(a) 


Duration 

of exposure 

hours/day 

8.00 
6.97 
6.06 
5.28 
4.60 
4.00 
3.48 
3.03 
2.64 
2.30 
2.00 
1.74 
1.52 
1.32 
1.14 
1.00 


Noise 

level, 

slow dB(a) 

101 

102 

103 


Duration 

of exposure 

hours/day 

0.87 
.76 
.66 


88 
89 
90 
91 
92 
93 
94 


104 

105 

106 

107 

108 

109 

110 


.57 
.50 
.44 
.38 
.33 
.29 
.25 


95 


111 


.22 


96 


112 


.19 


97 


113 


.17 


98 


114 


.14 


99 


115 


.125 


100 







The various levels of noise and the permissible duration of ex- 
posure have been tabulated for equivalent continuous exposures in 
which the daily dose of noise (d) was equal to 1. 

When there is intermitent exposure to continuous sound, the 
combined effect of the noise levels or greater than 85 dB(A) should 
be considered. For that purpose, the Daily Dosis of Noise (D) is 



calculated according to the following equation, and should not be 
greater than 1. 

D = (C 1 /T 1 ) + (C 2 /T 2 ) + ...(C n /T n ), 

where C = total time of exposure to a specific level of sound and T 
= total time allowed at that level of sound. 

In no case will the noise level be allowed to exceed 115 dB(A), 
whatever type of work is involved. 

2. Regarding "Impact Noise," the present terms are maintained. 

Impact noise. Impact noise is considered to have a frequency 
below 1 impact per second and any sound having a greater frequen- 
cy will be considered continuous. 

The maximum levels of sound pressure per 8-hour work day will 
depend on the total number of impacts within that period, ac- 
cording to the following table: 

Impacts per 8- Max sound pres- 

hour working day sure level, DB 

100 140 

500 135 

1,000 130 

5,000 125 

10,000 120 

Contact: Maria Teresa Canas Pinochet 
Chemical Civil Engineer 
National Director 

Servicio Nacional De Geoloiga Y Mineria 
Santiago, Chile 



CHINA 



No diesel engine regulations are available since diesel 
engines are not in use in underground coal mines in China 
(46). 



Contact: Mr. Shenhan Yu 

Fushun Coal Research Institute 
Fushun, Liaoning 
People's Republic of China 



COLOMBIA 



The following information on Colombia was ex- 
tracted from its Resolution No. 02400, indicating 
regulations on mining safety for underground coal 
mining (47). 



Types of Engines Permitted 

Not specified in available literature. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

Not specified in available literature. 



Engine Emission Control Requirements 

Not specified in available literature. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

Article 50 -In Class III and Class IV Mines, which generate 
firedamp, the engines will carry methane detectors, preferrably of 
the continuous monitoring kind. If methane levels in ambient air ex- 
ceed 1% along the galleries traversed by the engine, the following 
precautions shall be observed: 

(a) The motor of the engine must be shut off immediately. 

(b) The immediate supervisor must be advised. 

(c) The motor must not be started again until the driver is sure 
that ambient methane levels are below 1%. 



Fuel Quality Specifications 

Article 50 -Engine fuel must have an ignition point above 55° C. 
The fuel tank should be protected against mechanical damage, 
should be properly closed, and should not leak. 

Article 174 -Fuel should be transported in containers that are 
safe, properly closed, fire-proof, leak-proof, and shatter-proof. 



Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

Article 1- All workplaces in underground mining work should be 
swept by an air flow sufficient for maintaining a breathable en- 
vironment, within the permissible limits for environmental pollu- 
tion with gas, fumes, dust, vapors or any other toxic agent that 
could cause work-related illness or accidents (fire, explosions, etc.) 



31 



Article 2 -Air dumped into the mine should be free from gases, 
fumes, dust vapors or any other toxic agent. 

Article 3 -Maximum permissible environmental concentrations 
of various pollutants in the mine during an 8 hour working day, also 
called maximum permissible values, will be as follows: 



Contaminant 



Formula 



v/v, % 



Parts per 
million 



Carbon dioxide . . 
Carbon monoxide 
Hydrogen sulfide 
Sulfur dioxide .. . 
Nitrous vapors . . 



C0 2 .... 

CO 

H 2 S .... 
S0 2 .... 

NO + No, 



0.5 
.01 
.002 
.0005 
.0005 



5,000 

100 

20 

5 

5 



Parts per million is the number of parts of the contaminant con- 
tained in one million parts of the air-contaminant mixture. For 
other pollutants, the maximum permissible values determined by 
the appropriately qualified body should be considered. 

Firedamp or Methane (CH 4 ). The maximum permissible concen- 
trations of this pollutant will be the following 

Firedamp or Methane 

Parts per 
% million Locations 

1.5 15,000 At the cutting face and mine face. 

1.5 15,000 Air returning from the cutting face. 

1.5 15,000 Air returning from the preparation and 

development face. 
1.0 10,000 In the main air return ducts. 

Greater concentrations are allowed in the areas of development 
and preparation, as long as preventive measures are taken to pro- 
tect the worker from the surrounding air and as long as methane 
levels do not exceed 1.9%. 

Article 4 -Areas containing 2% firedamp (20,000 ppm) or more 
should immediately be evacuated by mining personnel. Employees 
will not be allowed to return to the working areas until the concen- 
tration of firedamp has decreased and reached the permissible 
levels established in Article 3. If methane concentrations remain 
equal to or greater than 2% despite maximum ventilation, work 
should be suspended until the situation returns to normal. 

Article 5 - The minimum concentration of oxygen in the ventila- 
tion air of the mine should be 19.5% per volume, or 20,000 parts per 
million. In areas where the concentration of oxygen is less than 
19.5% per volume, breathable air should be supplied to the 
workers. 

Article 6 -The minimum amounts of air underground for mines 
at up to 1,500 meters above sea level, shall be the following: 

Description Amount 

Per worker 3 cubic meters per minute and per worker. 

Per draft animal .... 15 cubic meters per minute and per draft 
animal. 

Minimum amounts of air shall be increased for conditions above 
sea level, according to the following scale: 

At 1,501 to 3,000 meters Increase by 40%. 

At 3,001 to 4,000 meters Increase by 70%. 

Above 4,001 meters Increase by 100%. 

Galleries used for transporting Diesel machinery should have the 
following air volume: 

6 cubic meters per minute per horsepower at all levels, if the 
content of CO is less than 0.12%. 

4 cubic meters per minute per horsepower at all levels, if the 
content of CO is less than 0.08%. 

In order to calculate the amount of air required at the mine face, 
calculations should consider the maximum number of men, 
machines and animals that can work simultaneously during one 
shift. 

The minimum amounts of air are valid when none of the permissi- 
ble levels for the various contaminants, for temperature or ex- 
plosives has been surpassed, according to this Resolution. When 
any of these maximum levels are exceeded, the volume of air should 
be increased as required to reduce contaminants to at least their 
maximum permissible levels. 



Article 7 -The minimum air flow for ventilation is that required 
for compliance with Articles 3 and 5 of this Resolution. 

Article 8 - Maximum air flow: Ventilation air should not exceed 
the following air flow: 

4 m/sec at the work face and preparation headings. 

8 m/sec in the transportation galleries and ventilation shafts. 

6 m/sec in the other underground headings. 

10 m/sec in ventilation ducts. 

8 m/sec in shafts for employees and cargo. 

12 m/sec in shafts for cargo only. 

15 m/sec in ventilation shafts without transportation facilities 
or ventilation ducts. 

Article 25 -Outlet air should not be drawn towards other work 
faces if its gas and dust content exceeds the permissible limits 
defined in this regulation. 

CHAPTER XVI -Other work-related hazards -rock dust 

Article 220 - Necessary measures must be taken in mines to 
avoid hazardous levels, amounts or concentrations of chemical or 
biological agents that could be a risk to the health and well being of 
the workers. 

Article 221 -Maximum permissible values (MPV) for dust con- 
taining silica (Si0 2 ) are the following: 

(a) MPV, millions of particles per cubic foot, = (300 
mmp/%Si0 2 + 10). 

(b) MPV for breathable dust, mg/m 3 = (10 mg/m 3 /%Si0 2 
breathable + 2). 

(c) MPV for breathable dust, mg/m 3 = (30 mg/m 3 /%Si0 2 +3). 

(d) MPV for coaldust = 12 mg/m 3 if the fraction of breathable 
dust is equal to or less than 5% in Si0 2 . Equation (a) is used when 
the proportion of silica is equal to or less than 5% Si0 2 . When the 
percentage is greater, equations (b) and (c) are used. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

Article 34 - Measurements should be carried out in all the ventila- 
tion ducts under normal working conditions and when changes are 
made in the main ventilation system of the mine. 

Article 35 - In mines where there is a hazard of explosions, fire or 
toxic gas, risk should be evaluated at least once a week. If the 
values found exceed the maximum permissible levels, measure- 
ments should be carried out more frequently, as necessary. Mines 
generating firedamp should have methane levels checked at the 
beginning of each shift, and at the mine face. Measurements should 
be carried out before and after firing. 

Article 36 -Panels showing ventilation measurements and gas 
concentrations should be posted in all the main ventilation galleries 
and in all sections; these will show the figures obtained from 
measurements. 

Article 37 -The results of all ventilation, toxic gas and explosive 
substances measurements will be written in a book that is entitled 
main ventilation book. 

Article 38 -All mines will possess a drawing that is updated at 
least every two (2) months, showing all important data for the con- 
trol of ventilation, toxic gases, explosive substances, dust, etc., us- 
ing the authorized symbols according to mining standards. Any 
changes or major variations in the ventilation circuit within a two- 
month period should be immediately drawn into the original ven- 
tilation blueprint. 

Article 39 -All underground coal mines are obliged to keep at 
least two methane detectors, an airflow gauge, a general gas detec- 
tor, and an oxygen analyzer; these must constantly be maintained 
in working order. These instruments will be kept by the regional 
Safety and Rescue Stations for small mines operating with electric 
power. 

Article 40 -The staff in charge of evaluating ventilation flow, 
gas, toxic substances or explosive materials, should be trained in 
the use and care of their instruments, be aware of the danger levels 
for various toxic gases and explosive gases, and understand the 
safety measurements to be taken in each case. 



32 



Article 41 -When work has been suspended during one or more 
shifts due to holidays or special tasks, the employees in charge of 
gas monitoring should, after the holiday is over and the ventilation 
system has started up again, carry out measurements at all work 
faces before the workers arrive. 

Article 42 -When the employee in charge of monitoring gas 
levels and ventilation has to carry out measurements outside work- 
ing hours, he should be accompanied by another mine worker, 
preferably by a supervisor or foreman, who can use this time to 
evaluate other safety conditions. He will write down his observa- 
tions in a notebook, as well as write down observations as defined in 
Articles 36 and 37: whatever data he considers of interest will be 
copied in the book for gas monitoring. 

Article 43 - In areas where explosives are fired, gas levels should 
be monitored where ventilation has been shut down or when it is 
necessary to enter before the safety waiting period has elapsed, ac- 
cording to the ventilation and gas levels found. 

Noise Standards 

Article 224 -Every workplace should have a continuous noise 
level below 85 decibels for 8 hours of exposure. 



Article 225 -Maximum permissible values for partial exposure to 
continuous sound should be the following: 

Exposure per MPV for 
day, hours sound, decibels 

4 90 

2 95 

1 100 

1/2 105 

1/4 110 

1/8 115 

Article 226 -In operations involving exposure to vibrations, 
necessary precautions should be taken to prevent danger to 
employee health. 

Article 227 - The governing entities shall determine the measure- 
ment of noise levels at each mine face and decide which precautions 
should be taken by the employer in order to reduce the hazard of 
dangerous sound intensities to a minimum. 

Contact: Dr. Humberto Avila, Ministro 
Ministerio di Minas y Engergia 
Bogota, Colombia 



FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY 



Germany is a major coal mining country with an industrial 
development comparable to that of the United States. Likewise, as 
a federated state, Germany also encounters the problem of occupa- 
tional health legislation being split up between the federal govern- 
ment and its constituent states, in this case the Laender. Both 
bituminous or hard coal and lignite are mined in the Federal 
Republic; hard coal mostly in North Rhine-Westphalia and 
Saarland; lignite in Bavaria, Hesse, Lower Saxony, North Rhine- 
Westphalia, and Saarland. Of these Laender, North Rhine- 
Westphalia is the leading jurisdiction for all coal mining legislation. 
The rules of the other Laender are very similar both in structure 
and content, but North Rhine-Westphalia has the best documented 
body of rules. (U8). 

Contact: Dr. Andreas Keusgen, Director 
Federal Ministry of Economics 
Willernombler Str. 76 
5300 Bonn-Duisdorf 
Federal Republic of Germany 

The following information on Baden-Wuerttemberg, 
Bavaria, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, and 
Saarland was extracted from the "Regulations Concerning 
Diesel Motor Equipment in the Mines of West Germany 

(A9)" 

BADEN-WUERTTEMBERG 
Types of Engines Permitted 

53. (1) Operation of internal combustion engines underground 
shall require the permission of the State Mines Inspectorate. 

(2) Paragraph (1) shall not apply to internal combustion engines 
of vehicles and other machines if their design is allowed for use 
underground. 

163. (4) Use of vehicles with four-cycle engines in underground 
areas is forbidden. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

180. (1) The State Mines Inspectorate shall be responsible for 
granting design acceptances, to the extent that design acceptances 



are prescribed in this regulation or in other regulations by mine 
authorities. The design acceptances of the State Mines Inspec- 
torate shall be the same as design acceptances of the mine 
authorities in other German federal states as well as other places 
which use different guidelines for design acceptances. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

Not specified in available literature. 
Engine Emission Control Requirements 

163. (2) Vehicles with a content of more than 0.12 vol. % CO in 
the exhaust gas shall not be used underground. 

Procedure and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

143. (3) Vehicles with selfcontained engines shall be checked and 
tested at time intervals established by the contractor, and must be 
examined at least once a year. The time interval shall not be more 
than 15 months. 

163. (1) Vehicles and machines with selfcontained engines (diesel 
engines) prior to their first use in the underground areas of the con- 
struction site, and at monthly intervals thereafter, shall have the 
content of carbon monoxide (CO) in the exhaust fumes determined 
by the test tube method. 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

163. (3) Regulations 163. (1) and (2) shall not apply to vehicles 
which enter underground areas only occasionally if suitable 
measures are provided in the ventilation system to ensure that the 
CO level in the air at no time amounts to more than 0.005 vol. % in 
the ventilation shafts. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

Not specified in available literature. 

Noise Standards 

Not specified in available literature. 



33 



BAVARIA 
Types of Engines Permitted 



1. General 



According to 148, Para. 1 of the General Mine Regulations of 
December 7, 1978*, only those vehicles whose design has been ap- 
proved for underground use may be used underground. 

4. Basic Requirements 

4.1 The design and equipment of vehicles for use underground 
must conform to the law on technical tools (Equipment Safety Law) 
to the extent that these regulations do not contain additional re- 
quirements. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

3. Administrative Procedures for Design Acceptance 

3.1 For each vehicle design, an application for vehicle acceptance 
shall be filed in duplicate with the Bavarian Regional Mines Inspec- 
torate. A data sheet and the documents designated in the data 
sheet shall accompany the application. 

3.2 Design acceptance may be denied by the Bavarian Regional 
Mines Inspectorate if the vehicle in question has already been ap- 
proved by another regional mines inspectorate. 

In this case, the Regional Mines Inspectorate must be sent the 
essential data of the vehicle (e.g., exhaust gas figures), a brief 
description, and an overall diagram. 

3.3 For each vehicle design, the Bavarian Regional Mines Inspec- 
torate with participation of a technical monitoring organization, 
e.g., the Technische Ueberwachungs-Verein, or another organiza- 
tion or person authorized by the Bavarian Regional Mines Inspec- 
torate, shall carry out a design inspection procedure. The design in- 
spection shall consist of preliminary examination of the application 
documents and an acceptance test. The application documents shall 
be provided to the Bavarian Regional Mines Inspectorate with suf- 
ficient time to permit changes to be made. 

3.4 An exhaust gas test shall be conducted in the "high-speed 
idle" position on each new vehicle entering operation, and the CO 
content shall be analyzed by a technical monitoring organization or 
another organization to be named by the Bavarian Regional Mines 
Inspectorate. At the same time, the soot value (blackness) shall be 
determined at "maximum idle" using the Bosch filter pump method. 

In addition, every vehicle of a given design (except the first, on 
which the Regional Mines Inspectorate has performed the accept- 
ance procedure) shall be subjected to acceptance prior to starting 
operation by the responsible mines inspectorate, to determine the 
correspondence of the vehicle to the design acceptance documents. 
The results of the test shall be submitted to the Regional Mines In- 
spectorate. 

6. Motor and Exhaust 

6.2 The responsible authority for the test stand trials is the 
Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Ueberwachungs-Verein e.V. 
(Rhine-Westphalia Technical Monitoring Association) in Essen as 
the central test facility for exhaust gases of motor vehicles, 
designated by the Federal Minister of Transport for the territory of 
the Federal Republic of Germany, or, in special cases, another 
facility named by the Regional Mines Inspectorate. 



Fuel Quality Specifications 

6. Motor and Exhaust 

6.1 Only diesel engines operated on fuel whose flash point is not 
below 55° C (diesel fuel), may be used as motors. 



Engine Emission Control Requirements 

6.2 The exhaust gas composition shall be determined on a test 
stand for each type of engine. 

The following emission limits must be maintained for the engine 
design in question: 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ppm . . 500 

Oxides of nitrogen (NO + N0 2 ) ppm . . 750 

Hydrocarbons (HC) ppm . . 220 

Soot, blackness 3 

6.3 The exhaust must be equipped with a device that will produce 
good mixing of the exhaust gases with the ambient air (exhaust gas 
diffusor). The exhaust opening must not be directed upward. Hot 
parts of the exhaust must be protected against persons coming ac- 
cidentally in contact with them. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

6.2 (1) The hydrocarbons are measured with a flame ionization 
detector as ppm C, (carbon equivalent). 

(b) The soot blackness is determined by the Bosch filter pump 
method. 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

Not specified in available literature. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

Not specified in available literature. 

Noise Standards 

5. Cab and Seats 

5.9 The noise emission from a vehicle shall not exceed the values 
attainable by the state of the art. 



LOWER SAXONY 
Types of Engines Permitted 

1. Scope 

These Design Regulations shall apply to the design and equip- 
ment of non-rail-bound vehicles with selfcontained engines, as well 
as the vehicular portions of machines for use underground in mines 
not endangered by mine gas. 

These vehicles may only be used underground if a design accept- 
ance has been granted for the corresponding vehicle design. 

These conditions shall apply to the design testing of diesel 
engines to be used in the territory of the Regional Mines Inspec- 
torate of Clausthal-Zellerfeld in vehicles to be operated in mines not 
endangered by mine gas. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

2. Administrative Procedure for Design Acceptance 

2.1 For each vehicle design, an application for vehicle acceptance 
shall be filed in quadruplicate with the Regional Mines Inspec- 
torate. A data sheet and the documents designated in the data 
sheet shall accompany the application. 

2.2 For each vehicle design, the Regional Mines Inspectorate 
shall carry out a design inspection procedure with involvement of 



34 



the Technische Ueberwachungs-Verein e.V. or another organiza- 
tion named by the Regional Mines Inspectorate. The design inspec- 
tion shall consist of a preliminary examination of the documents 
and an acceptance inspection under operating conditions. 

An exhaust gas test shall be conducted in the "maximum idle" 
position on each new vehicle entering operation, and the CO con- 
tent shall be analyzed by a technical monitoring organization or 
another organization to be named by the Regional Mines Inspec- 
torate. At the same time, the soot value (blackness) shall be deter- 
mined at "maximum idle" using the Bosch filter pump method. The 
results of the analysis as well as the carbon value shall be presented 
in a certificate. If significant differences from the measured values 
in the engine design test are found, the measurements shall be 
repeated after no more than 300 hours' operation. If the discrepan- 
cies are still present, the engine shall be taken out of service. With 
a blackness value of less than 1.5, this figure will suffice on the cer- 
tificate. 

3. Motor and Exhaust 

3.2 The responsible authority for the test stand trials is the 
Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Ueberwachungs-Verein e.V. 
(Rhine-Westphalia Technical Monitoring Association) in Essen as 
the central test facility for exhaust gases of motor vehicles, 
designated by the Federal Minister of Transport for the territory of 
the Federal Republic of Germany, or, in special cases, another 
facility named by the Regional Mines Inspectorate. 

7. Performance of Tests 

7.2 Test procedure beginning with one type of engine (definition 
according to Number 3.2) the engine with the greatest horsepower 
and the highest rated rpm shall be measured under the following 
operating conditions: 

1. At minimum and maximum idle; 

2. At 5%, 20%, 40%, 80% and 100% horsepower at rated rpm. 

3. Along the full-load characteristic in the range from the 
beginning of regulation up to 45% of the rated rpm or up to 1,000 
min~ ' , whichever value is greater. 

In the measurements under Number 3, the rpm range shall be 
divided into at least 5 uniform rpm intervals, so that at least 6 
measurement points are provided with these limits. If rpm inter- 
vals of more than 275 rpm result, their number must be increased 
accordingly. In addition, measurements must be made at maximum 
torque if the corresponding rpm is more than 50 rpm away from a 
measurement point. 

For each operating state, the following operating parameters 
must be determined: 

1. Engine rpm 

2. Braking force or torque 

3. Fuel volume or weight 

4. Sampling rpm and/or sampling time 

5. Fuel temperature: 
-at measuring device 
-upstream of injection pump 

6. Temperature, pressure, and relative humidity of intake air, 
downstream of an intermediate cooler if any 

7. Vacuum in intake manifold and boost pressure (if any) 

8. Exhaust temperature 

9. Exhaust backpressure 

10. Coolant temperatures at engine intake and exhaust 

11. Lubricating oil temperature and pressure 

12. Intake air volume 

13. Volume content of exhaust gas for: 

-oxygen 

-carbon monoxide (CO) 

-carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) 

- oxides of nitrogen as a total (NO + N0 2 ) 

- total number of organic compounds (NO and N0 2 ) 
-total number of organic compounds (HC) 

- solids content (The solids determination shall be perform- 
ed as a measurement of the blackness using the Bosch filter pump 
method.) 



Fuel Quality Specifications 

The diesel fuel used in the design testing must conform to the 
following requirements: 

Characteristics Limiting values 

Flashpoint Over 55° C. 

Density at 15° C 0.82 to 0.84 g/cm 3 . 

Viscosity at 20°C 1.8 to 10 cSt (1.1 to 1.8 E). 

Filterability In summer, up to 0° C; in 

winter, down to - 12° C. 

Coking tendency Not above 0.05% coke (mass 

content) Conradson test. 

Ignition performance Cetane number minimum 45. 

Sulphur content Up to 0.3% (mass content). 

Water content according Maximum 500 mg/kg. 

to Karl Fischer. 

Up to 350° C, including 85% (volume content). 

evaporated volume. 

The fuel must not contain additives that affect pollution emis- 
sions. 

3. Motor and Exhaust 

3.1 Only diesel engines, operated on fuel whose flashpoint is not 
below 55° C (diesel fuel), may be used as motors. 

9.1.1 Additives to the fuel shall require the permission of the 
Regional Mines Inspectorate. 



Engine Emission Control Requirements 

3. Motor and Exhaust 

3.2 The exhaust gas composition shall be determined on a test 
stand for each type of engine. 

The following emission limits must be maintained for the engine 
design in question: 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ppm . . 500 

Oxides of nitrogen (NO + N0 2 ) ppm . . 750 

Hydrocarbons (HC) ppm . . 200 

Soot, blackness 3 

Values are valid for new engines following completion of the 
running-in time. 

3.3 The exhaust must be equipped with a device that will produce 
good mixing of the exhaust gases with the ambient air (exhaust gas 
diffusor). The exhaust opening must not be directed upward. Hot 
parts of the exhaust must be protected against persons coming ac- 
cidentally in contact with them. 

12. Monitoring 

12.3.1 If the CO content in the exhaust samples collected accord- 
ing to Nos. 12.1 or 12.2 exceeds 0.12 volume percent, the vehicle in 
question shall be taken out of service. If the CO content differs 
more than 200 PPM from the value established in the design inspec- 
tion at "maximum idle", or if the soot level exceeds a blackness 
number of 3, the adjustment dates of the fuel-injection system shall 
be checked immediately and corrected if necessary. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

7.4 Determination of Pollutant Limits in Exhaust Fumes 

7.4.1 Exhaust samples must be collected undiluted, immediately 
downstream of the exhaust manifold. Collection of exhaust samples 
in the gas exhaust manifold and their examination using analytical 
chemical measurement methods shall be limited to exceptional 
cases. The method parameters of the measurement methods ex- 
ployed must be known. 

7.4.2 To determine the individual exhaust gas components, only 
those measuring devices shall be used which are capable of collec- 
ting a partial stream of exhaust gases from the exhaust manifold 



35 



without affecting the exhaust gas composition, and to prepare and 
analyze it. To study the exhaust gases in terms of their volume con- 
tent of carbon dioxide, oxygen, carbon monoxide, oxides of 
nitrogen, and organic compounds, measuring devices which record 
continuously shall be used preferentially. 

The operating and maintenance guidelines of the instrument 
manufacturer shall be observed. 

7.4.3 The following requirements shall be imposed on the measur- 
ing devices used to measure exhaust gas components: 

Exhaust gas compon- Recommended Detection Lower 

ents, volume con- measurement limit safety 

tent of — range limit 

Carbon dioxide to 16% 0.2% ±0.4%. 

Carbon monoxide . . to 2,000 ppm 12 ppm . . ±40 ppm. 

Oxides of nitrogen . . to 1,500 ppm 10 ppm . . ±50 ppm. 

Organic compounds to 400 ppm. 

7.4.4 Carbon monoxide must be measured with measuring- 
devices which operate by the non-dispersive infrared absorption 
method (NDIR). 

7.4.5 Oxides of nitrogen (NO + N0 2 ) shall be determined by the 
chemiluminescence method or an equivalent method as a total and 
the NO portion shall be given. 

7.4.6 Organic compounds (termed HC) shall be determined as a 
total and given as carbon equivalent (Ci). A flame-ionization detec- 
tor (FID) shall be used for this measurement. 

7.4.7 Solids (soot) shall be determined relatively as blackness by 
the Bosch filter pump method. 

12. Monitoring 

12.1 Every 3 months, the undiluted engine exhaust fumes shall be 
tested at "maximum idle" by a responsible person, using the test 
tube method to determine CO content. At the same time, the soot 
value (blackness) shall be determined by the Bosch filter-pump 
method. The results shall be entered in the log. 

12.2 During the annual test, the experts shall sample the un- 
diluted engine exhaust at "maximum idle" and analyze its content 
of CO at the Technische Ueberwachungs-Verein or another 
organization designated by the Regional Mines Inspectorate. At the 
same time, the soot (blackness) shall be determined at "maximum 
idle" by the Bosch filter-pump method. 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

o. Ventilation. 

3.1 The ventilation supplied to a mine must correspond at least to 
the total of the fresh air flows which the Regional Mines Inspec- 
torate has established for vehicles operating therein with diesel 
engines in the design acceptance. Unless otherwise specified in the 
design acceptance, 3.4 m 3 /min of fresh air per kW installed power 
shall be delivered. If no (or insufficient) fresh air is available, 
previous contamination of the air with diesel fumes shall be taken 
into account and the air flow increased to the point where all of the 
harmful substances in the exhaust fumes are diluted below the cor- 
responding MAC value. 

10. Vehicle Maintenance and Repair 

10.1.6 When idling engines up to a maximum of 1/3 of their fixed 
power, it is sufficient if at least half the fresh-air flow specified in 
the design acceptance is available. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

3. Ventilation 

3.2 The airflows to the individual parts of the mines shall be 
measured before initial use by vehicles and subsequently at least 
every six months and after any change in the ventilation system. 
The results shall be entered in the operating log. 



Noise Standards 



2. Cab and Seats 



2.9 Noise Protection -The noise emission from a vehicle shall not 
exceed the values attainable by the state of the art. 



NORTH RHINE-WESTPHALIA 

The regulations for North-Westphalia are divided into 
specific regulations for hard coal, nonhard coal, monorails, 
and locomotives. 



Types of Engines Permitted 



Hard Coal 



258 Paragraph 1 - Non-tracked vehicles with their own means of 
propulsion may be used underground only if their design has been 
accepted by the State Regional Mines Inspectorate. 

244 Paragraph 1-Only those locomotives may be used 
underground whose design has been accepted by the State Regional 
Mines Inspectorate. 

Locomotives 

11.22 Two-cycle engines with crankcase ventilation may not be 
used. 

Monorails 

Powered vehicles with built-in engines, such as diesel crabs used 
on monorail suspended railways, may be used underground only if 
their design is accepted by the Regional Mines Inspectorate. The 
following requirements must be met for design acceptance of diesel 
crabs. 

3.2.1 Four-cycle diesel engines cooled by water must be used as 
engines, possibly with indirect fuel injection. The engines including 
the corresponding accessories must be made with a precipitation- 
protected design. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engines 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

Nonhard Coal 

101, paragraph 1 of this regulation, the diesel engine shall be sub- 
ject to appropriate testing and acceptance. 

Vehicles in nonhard coal mines in the State Regional Mines In- 
spectorate District shall be exempt from the special requirements 
for environmental protection for the diesel engine and the electrical 
operating means. 

Hard Coal 

Engines to be used underground shall be subjected to an engine 
design test at the Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische 
Ueberwachungs-Verein e.V., Essen, according to the "Current 
Technical Requirements for Design Testing of Diesel Engines for 
Vehicles used Underground in Mines Endangered by Mine Gas and 
Mines not Endangered by Mine Gas." 

Monorails 

An application shall be filed for design acceptance in accordance 
with the Mines Decree of the Regional Mines Inspectorate of North 
Rhine-Westphalia for Hard Coal Mines of February 20, 1970 for 
each type of vehicle, said application containing the information 
and documents included in the attachment. 



36 



Locomotives 

11.20 The engine must be built and have its power limited so that 
when it is new the CO content of the undiluted exhaust fumes at 
idle and at full load does not exceed 0.5 volume %. The CO content 
may not exceed 0.12 volume % even after long operation. Proof of 
this fact must be provided for each engine design on the basis of a 
test stand test, attested by a test certificate from a responsible in- 
dividual designated by the Regional Mines Inspectorate. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 



Characteristics 

Flashpoint 

Density at 15° C 

Kinematic viscosity at 20° C 
Filtrability 

Coking tendency 

Ignitability 

Sulphur content 

Water content according to 

Karl Fischer. 
Total amount evaporated up to 

350° C. 



Limiting values 
Over 55° C. 
0.82 to 0.86 g/cm 3 . 
2 to 8 mm 2 /s (centistokes). 
In summer, to 0° C; in winter, 

to -12°C. 
Not over 0.05 weight % coke 

(Conradson test). 
Cetane number minimum 45. 
Less than 0.30 v.H. of weight. 
Maximum 500 mg/kg. 

Minimum 85 vol. % 



Engine Emission Control Requirements 

Monorails 

3.2.2 Pollutants in Exhaust Fumes and Temperatures 

In the tests for design acceptance, the pollutants in the undiluted 
exhaust fumes must not exceed the following limits: 

1. With 0% CH 4 in the ambient air: 

Carbon monoxide (CO) 550 ppm 

Oxides of nitrogen (NO ) 750 ppm 

Of these, nitrogen dioxide (N0 2 ) must not exceed 75 ppm 

2. With 1% CH, in the ambient air: 

Carbon monoxide (CO) 1,200 ppm 

Oxides of nitrogen (NO^) 1,000 ppm 

Of these, nitrogen dioxide (N0 2 ) 

-must not exceed 200 ppm 

Engine exhaust fumes from vehicles that are intended for use in 
mine environments containing more than 1% CH 4 must not exceed 
the following limiting values in the design acceptance, measured 
with 1.5% CHi in the intake air: 

Carbon monoxide (CO) 1,800 ppm 

Oxides of nitrogen (NO ) 1,000 ppm 

of which nitrogen dioxide (N0 2 ) 

-must not exceed 200 ppm 

The engine exhaust fumes from these vehicles must be mixed 
with the ambient air, forcibly, in a ratio of at least 1:20 (for example 
by mixing with engine cooling air). 

Locomotives 

11.10 The exhaust line must be cooled by suitable means to the 
point where the outside walls at no point are hotter than 200° C. 

11.11 At the end of the exhaust line, downstream of the water 
tank (Number 11.17), a stub with a self-closing valve must be pro- 
vided for sampling exhaust. 

11.12 In the case of single-cylinder engines, the exhaust fumes 
must be cooled directly behind the cylinder head (in multicylinder 
engines, at the beginning of the common exhaust line) by injected 
water. 

11.17 The exhaust fumes must be forced through a water tank. 
The water tank must be fillable from the injection water tank. 

11.19 Devices for cooling the exhaust gases must ensure that 
their temperature does not exceed 70° C at the outlet. 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

Hard Coal 

3.2 Continuous Exhaust Gas Fumes testing 

Measurement Intervals - 
every 3 months by operator 

prior to vehicle entering service, after 2,000 hours operation 
(but at least every 12 months), after 6 months out of service, after 
major overhaul by a responsible person. 
Sampling- 
at the exhaust manifold, i.e., upstream of the water tank and 
any catalyzers. 

3.1 In addition to the pollutants listed in the design guidelines for 
diesel crabs, hydrocarbons (total hydrocarbons < 200 ppm) and 
soot blackness number (S < 3 according to the Bosch filter method) 
are currently being determined. 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

Hard Coal 

4.1.1 For each kW of diesel engines operated, at least: 

8.2 m 3 /min with no more than 1,200 ppm CO in the exhaust; 5.4 
m 3 /min with no more than 800 ppm CO in the exhaust; 4.1 m 3 /min 
with no more than 600 ppm CO in the exhaust; 

4.1.2 For Diesel Crabs and Trackless vehicles for each kW of 
rated power of diesel engines operated: 

6 m 3 /min with no more than 0.5% CH, in the intake air; 8 m 3 /min 
with no more than 1.0% CH 4 in the intake air; 10 m 3 /min with no 
more than 1.5% CH 4 in the intake air; 

4.2 Measured gases and maximum permissible concentrations: 

C0 2 10,000 ppm 

CO 50 ppm 

H 2 S 20 ppm 

Nonhard Coal 

All pollutants contained in the exhaust fumes must be diluted by 
the ventilation until they are below the maximum permissible con- 
centrations for the workplace (MAC). The minimum ventilation 
level per kW of engine power is 2.7 m 3 /min. 

The following maximum workplace concentrations are used as 
limiting values (MAC levels): 

carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) 5,000 ppm 

carbon monoxide (CO) 30 ppm 

nitrogen dioxide (N0 2 ) 5 ppm 

sulfur dioxide (S0 2 ) 2 ppm 

hydrocarbons 1 ppm formaldehyde or 

1.0 acrolein. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

Measuring pollutant concentrations 

Hard Coal 

Depending on the measurement point, continuously, weekly, 
monthly, or every three months. 
Type of Measurement - 
In the hoisting shaft, in all the entrance and exit galleries of a 
ventilated section, in all areas where diesel engines are operated. 
Test Method 
Depending on the measurement point, strip chart recorders, 
testtubes or chemical analyses in tanks filled with samples. 



37 



Nonhard Coal 

The other requirements listed under A (Hard-Coal Mining) 
basically also apply to the use of diesel engines in nonhard coal min- 
ing. 

Noise Standards 

2.2 Noise Protection 

The noise emitted by diesel crabs shall be limited to the minimum 
level possible according to the state of the art. This requirement 
shall be satisfied when the noise does not exceed the following emis- 
sion levels: 

75 dB (A) when running empty 
83 dB (A) when running full 



SAARLAND 
Types of Engines Permitted 

185. -Transportation Using Locomotives 

(1) Only those locomotives whose design has been accepted by 
the Regional Mines Inspectorate may be used underground. 
Changes to locomotives may be made only with permission from 
the Regional Mines Inspectorate. Only parts supplied by the 
manufacturer or equivalents thereof may be used in overhauls. 

(2) The use of portable diesel engines underground with the ex- 
ception of the engines on locomotives whose design is accepted in 
accordance with 185, paragraph 1 by the Regional Mines Inspec- 
torate requires permission from the Regional Mines Inspectorate. 

The design acceptance is based upon the Design Guidelines for 
Mine Locomotives of February 22, 1958. 

Other portable units with diesel propulsion such as mobile 
loaders, transporters, or gallery-digging machines require no 
design acceptance. The Regional Mines Inspectorate will issue per- 
mission in each individual case for their use. 

11. Special Guidelines for Diesel Locomotives 

11.9 The air intake line must have an oil-bath filter. 
11.22 Two-cycle engines with crankcase ventilation may not be 
used. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

Regulations for Mobile Diesel Units 

Diesel locomotives must be accepted by the Regional Mines In- 
spectorate. The design acceptance is based upon the Design 
Guidelines for Mine Locomotives of February 22, 1958. The Mines 
Inspectorate will then issue a permit in each individual case for 
operation of locomotives which conform to the design. 

The above mentioned design guidelines for mine locomotives 
shall apply to the diesel engines, and the vehicle design guidelines 
(for vehicles in mines not endangered by mine gas) from the 
Regional Mines Inspectorate in Clausthal will be used. 

Testing and design acceptance of locomotives is carried out in ac- 
cordance with the above design guidelines. The application for 
design acceptance is examined by authorized experts. The design 
investigation of the diesel engine for emission of pollutants and 
precipitation protection is performed by the Rheinisch- 
Westfaelische TUV in Essen, which specializes in this area. Before 
it is first put into service for the first time, the diesel unit is sub- 
jected to an acceptance test by authorized experts. 

In the Saarland soft-coal mines, the same applies, with the dif- 
ference that design acceptances are not conducted and measures 
for precipitation protection are not required. 



Fuel Quality Specification 

87. Storage and Use 

(2) Flammable fluids with a flash point below 550° C may not be 
used underground. The Mines Inspectorate may grant exceptions. 

Generally commercially available diesel fuels are used to operate 
the engines. The flash point must be above 55° C. A cetane number 
above 45 is required for ignitability. The sulfur content must be 
below 0.3%. 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

11. Special Guidelines for Diesel Locomotives 

11:10 The exhaust line must be cooled by suitable devices to the 
point where the outside walls are at no point higher than 200° C. 

11.12 The exhaust fumes must be cooled by a spray of water in 
single-cylinder engines immediately behind the cylinder head and in 
multicylinder engines at the beginning of the common exhaust line. 

11.15 Suitable devices must be provided for removing con- 
taminants from the water. 

11.17 Exhaust fumes must be conducted positively through a 
water tank. The water tank must be kept full from the injection 
water tank. 

11.20 The engine must be so designed and have its power so 
limited that when it is new, the CO content of the undiluted exhaust 
fumes at idle and at full load is no more than 0.05 vol %. The CO 
content must not exceed 0.12 vol % even after a long operating 
time. 

In the Saarland soft-coal mines, the use of non-rail vehicles with 
self-propulsion requires the permission of the Mines Inspectorate. 
The maximum permissible CO content of undiluted exhaust fumes 
is often reduced to 600 ppm here. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 



Samples of the undiluted exhaust fumes, both at full load and at 
idle, are regularly collected for studies of the exhaust, always at 
maximum rpm, and then taken to the laboratory for C0 2 content 
determination. The sampling is conducted three times a year by the 
operators and every 6 months by an expert. 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

30. Internal Combustion Engines 

(4) The exhaust fumes from fixed internal combustion engines 
must be carried away above ground in such fashion that persons 
cannot be endangered by them. 

In hard-coal mines, at least 6 m 3 /min of air per hp of installed 
power must be supplied to those galleries in which diesel-operated 
units are used. The ventilation supply must not be contaminated by 
diesel fumes. 

In soft-coal mines, a ventilation volume of only 3 m 3 /min per in- 
stalled hp is required. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 



Ventilation monitoring activities are carried out to the same ex- 
tent as in other mines. 

Noise Standards 

Specific requirements for noise protection on diesel-operated 
units underground, which go beyond the workplace noise protec- 
tion guidelines, are nonexistent. 



38 



FINLAND 



The following information on Finland was excerpted from 
its Regulations for Safety of Mining (50). 

Types of Engines Permitted 

61. In underground mines efforts shall be made to use an engine 
type with exhaust gases of contents as low as possible in nitrogen 
oxide, carbon monoxide and soot. The sulphuric content of the com- 
bustible shall be low as possible. The power of diesel engines shall 
be restricted to maximum 90 pet of the normal maximal power. Idle 
running of the engine shall be avoided. 

Compression motors shall be equipped with injection pump 
pressure regulator. The motor shall, if possible, have a positively 
ventilated crank chamber. 

60. The use of petrol engines in underground mines is subject to 
the approval of the Technical Inspectorate. This provision does not 
apply to rescue or fire fighting operations. 

The use in underground mines of engines driven by liquid gas is 
prohibited. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing 
Engine Exhaust Gases 

62. The condition of engines used regularly in underground mines 
shall be checked by measuring the exhaust soot and CO contents 
after every 150 hours of use, however, at least every second month. 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

50. Ventilation shall in underground mining be arranged in such 
manner that the air is as fresh as possible and sufficiently ox- 
ygenous so that there will be no transgression of the maximum con- 
tent limits for toxic substances in working place air as sanctioned 
by the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs. 

Taken into consideration in the planning of the general outlines 
of ventilation in mines shall be, in addition to exhaust and explosion 
gases, the dust problems caused by the nature of rock, if any, the 
possibility of radon occurrence, and fire protection. 

Exhaust air shall be led out in a way to prevent its content of 
dust, radon and other impurities to cause a health risk to workers 
or surroundings. 



48. An engine-driven vehicle or equipment type may be taken in- 
to regular use in the mine provided that it fulfils the requirements 
set forth in the present resolution and has been approved by the 
mine inspector. Such approval shall include a definition of the 
nature of use that the vehicle or equipment has been approved for. 

49. In the inspection and maintenance of vehicles and equipment 
the instructions and recommendations of the manufacturer shall be 
complied with. Directions for the use and maintenance of the 
vehicles and equipment shall be available in both Finnish and 
Swedish. 

The mine operator shall in writing assign to each vehicle a tender 
to maintain and inspect the vehicle at fixed intervals and to be 
responsible for the fact that the vehicle is in the required condition. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

60. The sulphuric content of the combustible shall be as low as 
possible. 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

62. Efforts shall be made to keep the CO content of the exhaust 
gases of overhauled engines below 600 ppm and their soot content 
below one Bosch unit. For a fully loaded engine the corresponding 
values should be less than 800 ppm and two Bosch units. The engine 
may be kept in use for as long as the exhaust content of soot does 
not exceed by more than 50 pet and that of CO by more that 25 pet 
the values mentioned before. After this, the engine must be 
overhauled. 

If the engine exhausts do not fulfill the requirements set forth in 
section 1, the engine shall have to be equipped with an exhaust 
cleaner. 

The provisions of sections 1 and 2 do not apply, however to low- 
powered engines and to vehicle motors used temporarily or briefly 
in the mine. 

The repair shop or space where test running is to be performed 
shall be provided with sufficient ventilation and, if necessary, with 
exhaust gas removal equipment. 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine 
Air Quality and Quantity 

51. In working places, where there is a considerable occurrence of 
exhaust gases, explosion gases, dust or other noxious agents, the 
contents of substances detrimental to health shall be measured at 
regular intervals. 

The measurements shall be performed so as to produce a 
representative sample of inhaled air. If there is a significant change 
in ventilation conditions, the contents of impurities in the air shall 
be immediately checked. 

52. If in any part of the mine the maximum contents referred to 
in 50 are exceeded, the works in progress in the place in question 
shall be immediately interrupted until the content of noxious air 
substances has sufficiently declined. 

If the values exceeding maximum contents are not to be reduced 
in reasonable time, stay and work in the affected area is never- 
theless temporarily allowed provided that efficient respirators and 
breathing apparatuses are used. 

Of the measurements a record shall be kept, in which entries shall 
be made of the measurement performed, its results and subsequent 
action taken. 



Noise Standards 

Not specified in available literature. 



Contact: Esko Ulvelin 

Head of Mines Office 
Technical Inspectorate 
P.O. Box 204 
SF-00181 Helsinki 18 
Finland 



39 



FRANCE 



Types of Engines Permitted 

Title III -Liquid Fuel Engines (51) 

Article 60. The engine of liquid fuel vehicles must be able to 
withstand exposure to air containing firedamp nor suffer deteriora- 
tion capable of igniting the ambient atmosphere. 

Article 61. The engine must not contain any ignition device. 



Engine Emission Control Requirements 

The available regulations do not specify limits on con- 
tents of the exhaust gas. However, quite a bit of detail is 
given on the physical makeup of the exhaust device. 



Title III -Liquid Fuel Engines (51) 



Testing and Certification Procedures of 
Engine and Auxiliary Equipment 

Title III -Liquid Fuel Engine (51) 

Article 60. To permit verification that the above condition is well 
satisfied, the manufacturer must produce, in support of his applica- 
tion, the calculations justifying the dimensions of the various 
engine components and indicate especially the values of the ex- 
pected pressures and the safety factors employed. 

Article 74. Except for equipment not subject to the order of ap- 
proval, each device supplied must carry, in a visible and durable 
fashion, either directly on it, or on a plate permanently attached to 
it, the following information: 

(1) The manufacturer's name 

(2) The designation of the type of equipment 

(3) Reference to the order of approval 

(4) The serial number 

Affixing a serial number is not required for portable electric 
lamps, cable lead-ins, shut-off parts to cap, cable lead-ins, interven- 
ing parts located between a principle casing and the adjacent parts, 
and connection devices. 

Article 75. The equipment covered by preceding Titles I, II and 
III constructed in total or in part with light alloys containing more 
than 6 pet magnesium is not capable of approval, unless it is con- 
tained within an explosion-proof (fire proof) envelope or protected 
by insulation under the conditions provided for by the present rule. 

However, a list of certain measuring devices, and eventually, the 
conditions of their use as established by official decisions, will be 
able to be granted exceptions to the preceding paragraph. 

Article 271. In mines containing firedamp the engine must be of a 
type approved for operation in an atmosphere containing fire damp 
and the firedamp content must not in any case exceed 1 per 100 at 
any point along their course. 

The approval of the engine types is determined by the ministry as 
provided for in paragraphs 2 and 3 of article 308*. The conform- 
ance of engines to an approved standard must be certified and their 
maintenance insured by the conditions defined by article 309* and 
paragraphs 1 and 2 of article 310*. 

Article 265. The use of liquid fuel engines in underground works 
must be preceded by a declaration to the chief mining engineer of 
their conditions of use. All notable modifications to these must also 
be the subject of a complementary notification without delay. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

Section III -Liquid Fuel Engines (.57) 

Article 266. The combustible must have a flashpoint greater than 
r>0°C. It must not be transported below except in metallic cylin- 
drical barrels or in tank cars and may not be stored below. 



Article 62. The air admission and exhaust devices must consist of 
a stack of small plates conforming to the following conditions: 

(1) The plates measure a minimum of 50 mm in depth (in the 
direction of flow) and a minimum of 2 mm in thickness; 

(2) The maximum space between two adjacent plates is 0.8 mm; 
the spacing is insured by bosses or by lands integral with the plates; 
these lands or bosses are the same depth as the plates and are close 
enough together so that the space between the plates cannot be 
distorted, by an elastic deformation, to value greater than those in- 
dicated above. When the spacing bosses or lands are penetrated by 
assembly screws, bolts or pins, the joint at the right angles with 
these between the boss and land of one plate and the adjacent plate, 
must not be less than 10 mm in radial length from the edge of the 
penetration. 

(3) The means of assembling the plates in a particular stack 
must render impossible any assembly error which would result in 
the enlargement of the space between two adjacent plates; 

(4) All the constituent parts of the stack of plates, as well as the 
surfaces of the exhaust apparatus in contact with the stacks of 
plates, must resist the action of corrosive agents to which they will 
be exposed in the course of normal operation of the machine. 

(5) The plates must, under all circumstances, be protected from 
shock. 

Article 63. The exhaust gases must be cooled, before being 
discharged into the air, by water spray, by sparging, or by any 
other effective method. 

If the zone where the previous cooling process occurs is upstream 
of the stacks of plates, it must be designed to resist the corrosive 
actions to which it will be subjected. 

Article 64. If the admission apparatus includes a throttle (butter- 
fly valve damper) enabling one to close the air entrance, this throt- 
tle must not be capable of being operated unless the fuel admission 
is shut off. 

Article 65. The passages and chambers between the admission 
and exhaust apparatus in which the gases and exhaust circulate 
must comply with the specifications of articles 66 to 72 which follow 
and must be tested under the conditions specified by articles 15 to 
18*. 

Article 66. The parts of the chamber must be assembled without 
the interposition of plastic gaskets, the presence of which is only 
tolerated to assure water-tightness of the cavities containing a 
liquid. 

Article 67. The length "P" of the assembly joints of the con- 
stituent parts of the chamber must not be less than 25 mm. 

In the case of screw threads, the length "P" of the joint is conven- 
tionally valued at one and a half times the length of the engaged 
threads measured along the axis of the screw. In any case, a 
minimum of four threads must be engaged along the length being 
considered. 

Article 68. The holes pierced in the assembly joints of the 
chamber to receive the screws, bolts or pins must be distributed so 
that the effective length "d" of the joint at right angles to these 
holes is not less than 10 mm. 



40 



Article 69. The spacing "i" between the two faces of the joint in 
the case of assembly in a plane, or the difference in diameter of 
male and female pieces in the case of a cylindrical joint, must not be 
greater than 0.5 mm. 

Article 70. All moving parts which penetrate the walls of the 
chamber must be guided along a length of at least 25 mm; the max- 
imum play between the moving part and its guide must not be 
greater than 0.5 mm. 

When the moving part and its guide are restrained by two 
parallel circular cylinders, the difference in the diameter of the two 
cylinders must not be greater than 0.5 mm. 

Article 71. No bolt or screw hole must penetrate the walls of the 
chamber. 

This order does not apply however to holes tapped for the pur- 
pose of the introduction and discharge of liquids necessary for the 
functioning of the engine and which, under normal operation, are 
shut off by a threaded plug. 

All pins which penetrate the casing must be made integral. 

Article 72. Article 14 is applicable to the chamber parts. 

Article 73. The parts whose setup affects safety, other than those 
pertaining to the chamber, for example the cap of the fuel reservoir 
and the threaded plugs sealing the admission parts for the light 
fuses, must not be removable except by the use of a special key. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing 
Engine Exhaust Gases 

Not specified in available literature. 



Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 



Section Ill-Liquid Fuel Engines (51) 

Article 269. The management of the ventilation must be such that 
in every gallery, traversed by the engines the carbon monoxide, 
calculated as a function of the quantity of this gas discharged by the 



engines in service in this section and upstream, is less than two 
parts per 100,000. 

In recognition of the difficulties presented by the analysis of ex- 
haust gases in the case of operation under full load for mines not 
equipped for such analysis, the ministry letter 1G/HSM #110 of Oc- 
tober 18, 1955* allows that periodic measurements at maximum no 
load speed, assuming as the basis of calculation the carbon monox- 
ide output at maximum no load speed increased by 0.8 cm 3 per sec- 
ond per effective horsepower of the "locotracteur." 

For the sections of gallery where the firedamp content is not 
zero, it is well to bear in mind the fact that the presence of firedamp 
in the air supply of a "locotracteur" considerably increases the out- 
put of carbon monoxide. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

Not specified in available literature. 
Noise Standards 

My decree of 4 September 1978 which was published in the Of- 
ficial Bulletin of 20 September 1980 established the list of jobs re- 
quiring special medical supervision in mining and similar opera- 
tions. In the mines, such workers necessarily fall under the social 
security system. For the first time, this decree, in regulation ap- 
plicable to mining and similar operations, set forth provisions 
related to noise, since individuals employed in jobs where they are 
exposed to a sound level above 85 db (A), called high noise level 
jobs, are henceforth subject to this medical supervision (52). 

Contact: Mr. J. Dangreaux 

Director of Research Dept. 

CERCHAR 

B.P. No. 2 

60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte 

France 



HUNGARY 



The following information on Hungary was supplied by 
the National Mine Engineering Inspectorate (53). 

Types of Engines Permitted 

The Mine Authority does not grant any license for types of diesel 
engines. 

The drilling-, breaking- and loading-machines and also the mine 
locomotives and transporting and towing trucks of free-wheel are 
bound of licensing only if the output of the driving motor of internal 
combustion and underground operation is over 5 kW. 

In gassy mine plants only damp-proof diesel engines (hereinafter: 
motors) should be employed. The motor to be stopped and its elec- 
tric equipments to be disconnected when the pit gas 
(methane = CrL.) of the mine air reaches 1 pet. 



Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

Only those motors having fuel tanks protected against 
mechanical and heat effects and also well closed can be used. Their 
openings' (studs) structure will prevent the outflow and leakage of 
the fuel stored in the fuel tank in any working position of the 
machine. The inlet of the fuel tank should either prevent the 



overflow or ensure that the fuel shouldn't reach the hot or easily 
not accessible machine parts in case of overflow. 

The fuel pipes must be protected against mechanical and heat ef- 
fects. It must be secured that the fuel should not be discharged out 
of the fuel tank in case of damages in the fuel pipes. One should 
take care of and provide for a device which will prevent unauthor- 
ized persons to start the motors. 

The machine driven by the motor to be provided either with min. 
1 pet. of foam fire extinguisher of 12 kg or with a fire extinguisher 
filled with C0 2 of 5 kg's. On self-propelled machines a C0 2 fire ex- 
tinguisher with min. filling of 2 kg to be also attached which can be 
operated from the driver's cabin. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

There is no regulation by the Mining Authority for the fuel quali- 
ty of the diesel engine. 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

The exhaust gas to be cooled, the temperature of its external pipe 
plate should not exceed 200° C. The outlet of the exhaust gas to be 
formed in such a way that the exhaust gas should not hazard the 
operational personnels. A gas scrubber to be built in the exhaust 
system. 



41 



The CO contents of the exhaust gas must not exceed 0.2 percent 
by volume and also its NO x contents the 0.05 percent by volume and 
its temperature the 70° C at the outlet. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

The temperature and the CO and NO x contents of the exhaust gas 
to be checked up before the first starting-up and further on quarter- 

ly. 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

The contents of the mine air is adequate if: 
its 2 (oxygen) contents is min. 19 pet; 
its C0 2 (carbon dioxide) contents is max. 1 pet; 
and its toxic gas contents -as a technical trend concentration 
-will not exceed the following values: 

0.005 pet (57.0 mg/m 3 ) in case of CO (carbon monoxide); 
0.001 pet (13.9 mg/m 3 ) in case of H 2 S (hydrogen sulfide); 
0.0005 pet (13.1 mg/m 3 ) in case of S0 2 (sulfur dioxide); 
0.0005 pet (9.4 mg/m 3 ) in case of NO x (nitroso-gases). 
The virtual temperature of the air at the job site should not ex- 
ceed 26° C. 

The control does not include directly the quantitative re- 
quirements but indirectly yes; in the regulations of the permissible 
minimum and maximum airflow speed for each mine fields and 
working places. 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

The CO and NO x contents of the air to be measured weekly at the 
mining fields of separate ventilation if equipments of diesel motor 
are used there. 

The CO contents of the extraction air of the broken fields to be 
measured with a CO-measuring automatic instrument of con- 
tinuous operation at those locations, where this content is expected- 
ly the highest if there are many motors under operation on that 
field. 

Noise Standards 

The Hungarian Standard comprised the following regulations for 
the acceptable noise level of the job site: 

to prevent any hearing loss the noise level hit the workers on 
noisy job site must not exceed the following values: 
85 dB (AI) for the "A" equivalent level and 
max. 125 dB (AI) for pulse type noises. 

Contact: Mr. Menyharth Laszlo, Chairman 

Orszagos Banyamuszaki Fofelugyeloseg 

Elnoke 

Budapest, V. Stollar Bela u. 15. 

1363 Pf. 60. 

Budapest, Hungary 



INDIA 



The following information on India was extracted from 
"By-laws for Diesel Vehicles" (54). These conditions have not 
been passed as a law in the country, but are normally im- 
posed on a colliery that seeks permission for the use of shut- 
tle cars in underground mines. 

Types of Engines Permitted 

20. Engine 

Fuel injectors, fuel pumps, or other parts of the fuel injection 
system, when found to be faulty, shall be replaced with exact 
duplicates of original equipment and set so that the maximum fuel 
injection rate is not changed. The fuel pump shall be adjusted prop- 
erly for the altitude at which the engine is operated as recommend- 
ed by the manufacturer and the governor setting shall be sealed. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

2. Approval of Chief Inspector of Mines 

Every diesel vehicle shall be of a type approved by the Chief In- 
spector of Mines. 

7. Examination of Diesel Vehicles 

(1) Once at least in every working shift, every diesel vehicle shall 
be examined by a competent person. 

(2) Once at ieast in every seven days every diesel vehicle shall be 
examined by an engineer who shall ensure that - 

(a) every part requiring to be cleaned is properly cleaned; 

(b) all engine intake and exhaust parts, electrical headlights and 
all other equipment are in safe operating condition; 

(c) there are no unprotected openings in any part of the engine 
intake or exhaust system between the intake flame arrester and ex- 
haust flame arrester; 

(d) all bolts, nuts, screws and other means of fastening 
enclosures are in place, properly tightened and secured; all screw 



covers are kept locked or sealed and the fastenings for the engine 
cylinder head, intake and exhaust systems are in place properly 
tightened and secured; 

Note: The key or sealing tool shall be only in the care of the 
engineer or any other specially authorized person. 

(3) Every person making an inspection as aforesaid shall forth- 
with record the result thereof in a bound paged book kept for the 
purpose and shall sign and date the same. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

24. Fuel Oil, Its Transport and Storage 

(1) The fuel oil used in the diesel vehicle shall conform to the 
specifications for diesel fuels as laid down under IS: 1060-1959, or 
to such other specifications as may be recommended by the 
manufacturer. The flash point of the fuel shall not be less than 140° 
F and the sulphur content shall not be greater than 0.5 percent by 
weight. The fuel shall be kept clean and free from dirt and water. 



Engine Emission Control Requirements 

12. Ventilation 

(5) The engine of a diesel vehicle shall not be kept running when 
the vehicle is stationary except - 

(a) during brief halts while in use, and 

(b) while being tested. 

(6) The diesel vehicle driver shall cut off the supply of fuel to the 
engine - 

(a) during every break of operation; and 

(b) if fire is suspected. 

13. Exhaust Gases 

(1) No diesel vehicle shall be run if the gas emitted from its ex- 
haust contains more than 0.2 percent by volume of Carbon monox- 
ide or 0.1 percent by volume of Oxides of Nitrogen. 



42 



14. Flame Traps etc. 

(l\a) The flame trap or traps fitted to the engine inlet shall be 
carefully attended to and cleaned at intervals fixed by the manager 
in consultation with the Regional Inspector and the baffle plates 
shall be renewed as often as may be necessary. 

(b) The conditions of the intake flame arrester shall be deter- 
mined by reading the intake vacuum in millimeters of water on a 
manometer while the engine is running at full speed and no load, 
with the diesel vehicle parked. After taking manometer readings, 
the intake vacuum test plug shall be replaced and sealed to avoid 
the equipment becoming unsafe. 

(2) The flame arrester fitted to the exhaust opening of the diesel 
vehicle shall once at least in every 24 hours during which the engine 
has been run, and more often if necessary, be thoroughly cleaned or 
replaced by a like device in clean condition. 

A record of every such cleaning or replacement shall be kept in a 
bound paged book kept for the purpose. 

(3) When the flame trap or arrester is dismantled for cleaning, 
the plates shall be reassembled carefully to maintain the original 
proper spacing. 

(4) A spaced flame arrester shall be so mounted in the equipment 
assembly that it is protected from accidental external damage. 

(5Xa) When in lieu of a spaced plate flame arrester an exhaust gas 
cooling-box or conditioner has been fitted as exhaust flame ar- 
rester, the cooling box shall be equipped with a device to shut off 
automatically the fuel supply to the engine at a safe minimum 
water level and when the final exhaust temperature exceeds 185° 
F. 

(b) A provision shall be made to prevent restarting of the 
engine after the fuel supply has been shut off automatically until 
the water supply in the cooling box has been replenished. 

15. Exhaust Cooling System 

(1) Every diesel vehicle shall be provided with a cooling system 
for the engine exhaust gas. The heat dissipation capacity of the 
cooling system shall be capable of reducing the temperature of 
discharge from the cooling system under any condition of engine 
operation. 

(2) The exhaust gas cooling box shall be drained, flushed and in- 
spected at regular frequent intervals fixed by the manager in con- 
sultation with the Regional Inspector of Mines, and cleaned when 
necessary. 

(3) The conditioner and the make up tank shall be filled up with 
clean water at the beginning of each shift. 

16. Intake System 

(1) Free flow of air to the intake shall not be restricted in any 
way. The maximum pressure drop through the intake system at full 
throttle, no load, shall not exceed the figure specified by the 
manufacturer for the maximum engine R.P.M. 

Note:- Never use more oil in the cleaner than is specified by the 
manufacturer. 

17. Exhaust System 

The exhaust piping shall be kept tight at all times, and shall not 
be restricted by foreign material. The maximum pressure drop 
through the exhaust at full throttle, no load, shall not exceed the 
figure specified by the manufacturer for the maximum engine 
R.P.M. 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

18. Air Samples 

(1) Samples of the exhaust gases from every diesel vehicle when 
running on- 

(a) full load at maximum speed; and 

(b) no load at normal idling speed, shall be taken and analysed 
once at least in every 30 days. 



Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

12. Ventilation 

(1) The diesel vehicle shall not be used in any place unless more 
than 170 cubic metres of fresh air per minute is passing through the 
place. 

(2) When the diesel vehicle is run at any place inbye of the last 
ventilating connection, the volume of fresh intake ventilation 
specified above shall be circulated by an auxilliary fan specialy in- 
stalled for the purpose or by any other suitable means approved by 
the Chief Inspector of Mines. 

13. Exhaust Gases 

(2) If at any place in a mine in which diesel vehicle works or runs, 
there is found in the general body of air an amount Carbon monox- 
ide 0.005 percent by volume or an amount of Oxides of Nitrogen ex- 
ceeding 0.002 percent by volume, immediate steps shall be taken as 
would be necessary to improve the ventilation so that the percen- 
tages of Carbon monoxide and Oxides of Nitrogen are not ex- 
ceeded. 

(3) If at any place in a mine in which a diesel vehicle works or 
runs, there is found in the general body of the air an amount of Car- 
bon monoxide exceeding 0.01 pet by volume, or an amount of Ox- 
ides of Nitrogen exceeding 0.004 pet by volume no engine of diesel 
vehicle shall be run at that place or at any other place at which such 
running could affect the ventilation of the first mentioned place. 
The running of the diesel vehicle may be resumed only after it has 
been determined that the amount of Carbon monoxide and that of 
Oxides of Nitrogen in the general body of the air at the first men- 
tioned place does not exceed 0.005 pet and 0.002 pet respectively by 
volume. 

27. Precautions Against Coal Dust 

No diesel vehicle shall be used on any roadway or part thereof, 
unless the percentage of incombustible matter (including moisture) 
in dust samples which shall be taken from that roadway or part 
once at least in every seven days is more than 80 pet, or the work- 
ings are naturally wet. A record of every such sample shall be 
recorded in a bound paged book kept for the purpose. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

12. Ventilation 

(3Xa) Once at least in every week the amount of air passing in 
every roadway in which vehicles are used shall be measured by a 
competent person at the following points - 

(i) at each end of the roadway or part thereof on which diesel 
vehicle is used; and 

(ii) at such other points as may be fixed by the manager with the 
approval in writing of the Regional Inspector. 

13. Air Samples 

(2) Once at least in every week separate samples of the general 
body of the air shall be taken - 

(a) at a point at end of every length of road in which any diesel 
vehicle runs; 

(b) at such other suitable points as may be fixed by the 
manager; 

(c) at any place and time as may be specified by the Regional In- 
spector of Mines by a notice in writing served on the manager re- 
quiring him to appoint the place and time specified in the notice 
either instead of or in addition to any place and time already ap- 
pointed by the manager. 

The above samples shall be taken at such times as may be ap- 
pointed by the manager so as to secure the detection of any harmful 
concentrations of Carbon monoxide and Oxides of Nitrogen pro- 
duced by any diesel vehicle. 

(3) Every sample taken in pursuance of clauses (1) & (2) of this 
condition shall within four days (without taking into account any 



43 



rest day or day of general holiday) of taking thereof be analysed to 
determine the percentages of Carbon monoxide and Oxides of 
Nitrogen therein, and particulars of each such analysis shall be 
recorded forthwith in a book specially kept for the purpose. 

26. Determinations of Firedamp Content 

(1) Determination of the firedamp shall be made, 

(a) by means of an apparatus of a type approved for the purpose 
by the Chief Inspector of Mines by a competent person appointed 
for that purpose by the manager of the mine, or 

(b) by means of samples of air taken by a competent person so 
appointed and analysed within four days (without taking into ac- 
count any rest day or day of general holiday) of the taking thereof. 

(2) Determination of the fire-damp content shall be made, 

(a) at a point at each end of every length of road in which any 
diesel vehicle runs; and 

(b) at such other suitable points as may be fixed by the 
manager. 

(3) An inspector may, if he is of opinion that any point fixed in 
pursuance of sub-clause (b) of clause (2) of this condition is un- 
suitable, serve on the manager a notice requiring him to fix some 
other point in substitution thereof, and may serve on the manager a 
notice requiring determinations to be made at any other point 
specified in the notice in addition to those required by the preceding 
clause. 

(4) Determinations of the firedamp content shall be made at every 
point required by or under the last preceding conditions, once in 
every week at the time when the firedamp content is likely to be 
greatest: 

Provided that- 

(a) if any determination at any such point shows a firedamp con- 
tent exceeding 0.8 percent by volume, determinations shall be 
made at that point at intervals not exceeding 24 hours so long as 
the content is shown to exceed or to have exceeded that percentage 
and for the seven next following working days; 

(b) if every determination made during a period of thirty days 
at any such point showed a firedamp content not exceeding - 

(i) in the case of point in any other length of road not ven- 
tilated by air which has ventilated a working face 0.2 percent by 
volume; 



(iii) in the case of point in any other length of road. 0.6 per- 
cent by volume. 

it shall be sufficient to make determination at that point at inter- 
vals not exceeding 30 days for so long as the firedamp content 
shown thereby does not exceed that percentage. 

(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (4), whenever 
any alteration is made in the arrangements for ventilating a mine 
which affects or may affect substantially any length of road in 
which determination of firedamp content are required to be made a 
determination of the firedamp content at each point in that length 
shall be made as soon as any substantial effect of the alteration is 
apparent. 

(6) Where a determination of the firedamp content is made by 
means of a sample of air, it shall be deemed to be made at the time 
and place at which the sample is taken. 

2T. Precautions Against Coal Dust 

No diesel vehicle shall be used on any roadway or part thereof, 
unless the percentage of incombustible matter (including moisture) 
in dust samples which shall be taken from that roadway or part 
once at least in every seven days is more than 80 pet, or the work- 
ings are naturally wet. A record of every such sample shall be 
recorded in a bound paged book kept for the purpose. 



Noise Standards 

Not specified in available literature. 



Contact: Mr. V. Y. Tambe 

Commercial Controller 
IDL Chemicals Limited 
Sanathnager (IE) P.O. 
Hyderabad -18 
India 



IRELAND 



At present there are no gassy mines in Ireland. Only 5 of the 
mines have diesel engines underground, totalling 194 engines with 
a gross horsepower of 22,470 (55). 



Types of Engines Permitted 

Every mechanically propelled vehicle 9 in which the motive power 
is generated by an internal combustion engine shall be constructed 
so that air entering the engine is cleaned, the exhaust gases are 
cooled (where necessary) and diluted and the emission of flame or 
sparks from the vehicle is prevented (56). 



Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

Not specified in available literature. 



'Also pertains to locomotives (57). 



Fuel Quality Specifications 

Oil shall not be used for supplying motive power to any diesel 
engine of a mechanically propelled vehicle which does not comply 
with the standard specified for Class Al fuels in the "British Stan- 
dard (Fuels for Oil Engines)" as published by the British Standards 
Institution (56). 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

A diesel engine of a mechanically propelled vehicle shall not be 
allowed to run below ground in a mine if gas from its exhaust is 
found to contain more than two parts of carbon monoxide or one 
part of oxides of nitrogen per thousand (56). 

Once in every 24 hours each mechanically propelled vehicle shall 
be examined externally by a competent person who the manager of 
the mine shall appoint in writing. 

At least once in every 7 days each mechanically propelled vehicle 
shall be examined by a competent person so appointed who when 
examining the vehicle shall ensure that every part requiring to be 



44 



cleaned is properly cleaned, and the vehicle is in all respects in 
proper working order (56). 

A mechanically propelled vehicle shall not be used in a mine if it is 
not properly maintained (56"). 

Any protective device fitted to an exhaust opening of a diesel 
engine of a mechanically propelled vehicle shall be thoroughly 
cleaned, or replaced by a like device in clean conditions, whenever 
necessary, and in any event not less often than once in every period 
of twenty-four hours for which the engine has been run or if, in rela- 
tion to any specified device, the manufacturer has specified a period 
in that regard, not less often than once in every period so specified 
(56). 

Control of exhaust fumes is required and this is accomplished 
with Olin-Mathieson Diluters mainly, and a few catalytic-type 
scrubbers (55). 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

At least once in every three months a sample of the gas from the 
exhaust of each diesel engine of a mechanically propelled vehicle in 
use below ground in the mine shall be taken and tested and such 
sample shall be taken while the engine is being run both at max- 
imum speed on full load and at normal idling speed on no load (56). 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

Where in any place below ground in a mine in which diesel 
vehicles are in use, there is found in the air a concentration of car- 
bon monoxide greater than fifty parts per million the following pro- 
visions shall apply - 

(a) in case the concentration is greater than one hundred parts 
per million, the operation of every diesel vehicle in or near the place 



shall be discontinued until it is determined that the concentration of 
carbon monoxide in the air in the place does not exceed fifty parts 
per million, and 

(b) in any other case, immediate steps shall be taken to disperse 
the concentration (56). 

Ventilation in the working area is calculated on the basis of 100 
cu. ft. per minute per H. P. of each diesel engine (56). 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

(2) A sample of the air at each appointed place shall be taken and 
tested at least once in every month. 

(3) Particulars of the test of each sample of air or gas taken in 
pursuance of this regulation shall be recorded in a book in the form, 
and shall contain the particulars specified in Part V of the Schedule 
to these Regulations. The said book shall be provided by the owner 
of the mine and kept readily available at the mine (56). 



Noise Standards 

Not specified in available literature. 



Contact: James N. Sinclair 

Industrial Inspectorate 
Department of Labour 
Mespil Road 
Dublin, 4, Ireland 



JAPAN 



The following regulations for Japan (58) are specifically 
related to testing of the diesel engine. 



Types of Engines Permitted 

Not specified other than the following: 
2. Testing method: 

2.1.6 Engine proper: 

(1 ) The joining of both intake-air line and the exhaust system to 
the engine and manifold should correspond to JISC-0901*. 

(2) The fixing points where flame might escape such as cylinder 
head cover, manifold, etc. should be of shrouding construction. 

(3) Packings which can be extruded such as gasket should not 
be used. 



Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

1. General 

1.1 This testing method will be applied for the Diesel Engine in- 
stalled on Locomotives, Loading Machines, Drilling Equipment, 
Heading Machine and other transportation machines to be used in 



coal mine where mainly CH 4 and flammable gas or explosive coal 
dust might be existing. 

1.2 Kinds of tests: 

The following tests will mainly be done- 

(1) Construction test including functioning test 

(2) Strength test 

(3) Safety test (flashing test and exhaust gas analysis) 

(4) Temperature test 

2. Testing method 

2.1 Regarding the test for the construction and the Engine as a 
whole, the materials, construction and functioning will be checked 
on the actual goods, drawings and instructions. The following items 
are checked in detail: 

2.1.1 Intake-air line: 

(1) The system should be air-tight construction (excluding air 
filter) against an internal pressure of 8 kg/cm 2 , and to be free from 
leakage. 

(2) The joints in the line should be metallic flange. The gas or 
depth of gap should apply correspondingly to JISC-0901. Where 
packings are used, they should not be like gaskets which can be ex- 
truded out. The bolt of the joints should be of shrouding construc- 
tion. 

(3) The intake-air line should have a flame arrestor to prevent 
the flame from the engine interior or the high temperature fine 
grain igniting the combustible gas. The flame arrestor should be 
easy to check, repair, clean and exchange, and it should be of sturdy 
construction and installed in a place where it cannot be easily 
damaged. 



45 



In case the flame arrestor is of lamina-protected construction, 
it shall be according to one of the following: 

(a) Corresponding to the lamina-protected construction as 
specified in JISC-0901. 

(b) If it is of another construction, its safety will be confirmed 
according to test. 

(4) In the Intake-air line, an air filter should be installed in front 
of the flame arrestor. 

(5) An air stop valve should be installed in the Intake-air line. 

2.1.2 Exhaust line: 

(1) Same as air supply system (1). 

(2) Same as air supply system (2). 

(3) Same as air supply system (3). 

(4) Scrubber for exhaust gas should be provided. 

(5) Insulation material should be treated to prevent oil absorp- 
tion. 

(6) Exhaust gas pipe should be installed properly, so that the 
exhaust gas does not harm person. 

(7) In case the collection of exhaust gas is provided, it must be 
firmly fixed by shrouding construction. 

2.1.3 Fuel line: 

(1) The fuel tank should be leak-proof steel construction having 
over 2 mm thickness or equivalent. 

(2) The supply of fuel to the fuel tank should be possible only via 
an automatic closing valve. 

(3) The fuel tank should be anti-corrosive. 

(4) When special glass is used for the gauge, it should be special- 
ly protected against damage. 

(5) The fuel tank should be at least 30 cm away from the ex- 
haust system. 

(6) The fuel pipe should be of leak-proof construction and of cop- 
per. 

(7) The fuel pipe should be at least 25 cm away from the exhaust 
system. 

(8) Soldering should be of steel quality. 

(9) The fuel volume injection regulator should be set at max- 
imum (injection volume) and sealed. 

2.1.4 Cooling system: 

(1) Water tank, injection nozzle, pump and other pipings should 
be of anti-corrosion material. 

(2) A suitable filter should be installed at the tank inlet and in- 
jection pump inlet. 

(3) The final temperature of the exhaust gas should not exceed 
70° C. 

(4) The water used in the injection should be sufficiently filtered 
and a pressure gauge for the water injection should be installed in 
the operator's cabin. 

(5) A water level gauge should be installed in the operator's 
cabin. 

2.1.5 Automated fuel cut-off device: 

A device should be provided so that, when the exhaust gas ex- 
ceeds 70° C, the fuel supply is automatically stopped and the engine 
stopped. 

The automatic fuel cut-off device should be a combination of (a) 
and (b). 

(a) activated by the temperature change in the exhaust gas 

(b) dropping of water level in the level tank or abnormality in 
the injection pressure or other effective methods. 

2.1.6 Engine proper: 

(1) The joining of both Intake-air line and the exhaust system to 
the engine and manifold should correspond to JISC-0901. 

(2) The fixing points where flame might escape such as cylinder 
head cover, manifold, etc. should be of shrouding construction. 

(3) Packings which can be extruded such as gasket should not 
be used. 

2.1.7 Attached electric apparatus: 

Each electric apparatuses are examined based on Test Standard. 

2.1.8 Gauges: 

The following gauges should be provided and these can be seen 
easily during operations. 

Exhaust gas thermometer 
Fuel tank oil level gauge 
Water tank level gauge 
Cooling water thermometer 



Water injection pressure gauge 
Lubricating pressure gauge 
2.1.9 Extinguisher: 

(a) Extinguisher should be provided. 

(b) In case the Extinguisher is to be provided with the Engine 
and either Intake-air line or Exhaust line, it should be operated 
easily and it should be protected from damage. 

2.2 Strength test 

2.2.1 Intake-air line (excluding air filter) 

Explosion test will be made in an intake-air line by mixture of air 
and 9.5%-10.5% volumetric methane gas, then inspect whether 
deform or damage of both connection part and flame arrestor oc- 
curred or not. 

The test will be made 10 times and, if deform or damage is 
observed, no approval is given. 

2.2.2 Exhaust gas line (without water in the scrubber): 
Explosion test will be made in an exhaust-gas line by mixture of 

air 9.5%-10.5% volmetric methane gas, then inspect whether 
deform or damage of both connection part and flame arrestor oc- 
curred or not. 

The test will be made 10 times, if deform or damage is observed, 
no approval is given. 

2.2.3 Fuel line: 

The fuel tank and pipe line should withstand the pressure test ac- 
cording to the following expression, and to be free from deforma- 
tion and leakage. 

P = HxSx6x 10" 4 , 

where P = Test pressure, kg/cm 2 , 

H = Height of fuel tank, or lowest point of fuel pipe to the 
highest point of the fuel tank, 
and S = Fuel used, kg/m 3 . 

2.2.4 Attached electric apparatuses: 

Electric apparatuses attached should apply correspondingly to 
the Flame-proof Test Regulations. 

2.3 Explosion and ignition test 

2.3.1 Intake-air line: (excluding air filter) 

Explosion test is made with mixture of air and 8-10% volumetric 
methane gas filled inside of an intake-air line and check whether 
flame escape can be seen or not. This test is allowed even for one 
time. 

2.3.2 Exhaust line (without water in the scrubber) 

The exhaust line is filled with a mixture of air and 8% or 10% 
volumetric methane gas and ignited and made to explode to ex- 
amine the escape of flame. This test is repeated over 15 times and 
flame should not escape even once. 

2.3.3 Engine proper 

The engine will be operated at maximum nominal capacity and 
when all parts of the engine have reached a uniform temperature, 
the following tests will be made. However, the mixed gas sur- 
rounding the engine is in a static condition. 

In a test chamber filled with a mixture of air and 8% or 10% 
volumetric methane, the engine is operated for 20-30 minutes and 
examination will be made to see whether the mixed gas outside the 
engine is ignited. 

In this case, the inlet line and outlet line should be isolated com- 
pletely from the mixed gas. 

2.3.4 Attached electrical equipment 

The respective test methods for electrical equipment will apply. 

2.4 Temperature test 

2.4.1 When engine is operated at full capacity until all parts of 
engine, exhaust line and cooling system reach uniform 
temperature, the final temperature of the exhaust gas should not 
exceed 70° C. 

2.4.2 The surface temperature of the engine and its accessories 
when the engine is operated at maximum nominal capacity until the 



46 



temperature is kept static, the temperature is measured. The cool- 
ing system can be operated but the surrounding air should be kept 
static. 

An inlet and outlet of the exhaust gas manifold, surface of the 
engine, flame arrestor and all other parts which are apt to come in 
contact with the air underground should not exceed 160° C. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

Not specified in available literature. 
Engine Emission Control Requirements 

2.1.2 Exhaust line: 

(4) Scrubber for exhaust gas should be provided. 

(5) Insulation material should be treated to prevent oil absorp- 
tion. 

(6) Exhaust gas pipe should be installed properly, so that the 
exhaust gas does not harm person. 

2.5.2 Dilution of exhaust gas 

Exhaust gas to be discharged after the water scrubber must be in 
the following condition. 

CO under 1,200 ppm (volume) 

N0 2 under 1,000 ppm 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 



In this case, specified concentration of methane gas should be 
mixed in an intake-air line. These figures will be determined by the 
Mine Safety Dept. of the government authorities in Hokkaido after 
the application for the use of Loco Underground is submitted by 
Taiheiyo. In each of these tests, the sampling of exhaust gas will be 
taken from in the exhaust gas pipe when the engine has reached an 
uniform temperature. 



Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

Not specified in available literature. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

Not specified in available literature. 

Noise Standards 

Not specified in available literature. 



2.5.3 Taking of exhaust gas samples 

The exhaust gas samples will be taken the following operation 
condition of the engine. 

(a) at lowest speed and without load 

(b) at highest nominal speed and maximum nominal capacity 

(c) at highest nominal speed and 50% of maximum nominal 
capacity 

(d) at highest nominal speed and minimum capacity 



Contact: Hisashi Oki, Director 

Metal Mining Agency of Japan 
Tokiwa Building 
1-24-14, Toranomon, Minato-ku 
Tokyo, Japan 



MEXICO 



The following regulations for Mexico were extracted 
from its "Safety Regulations for Working Mines" (59). 

Types of Engines Permitted 

Art. 132 -Diesel machines are equipped with motors of the 
compression-ignition type. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

Not specified in available literature. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

Art. 132 -Diesel machines are designed to operate solely on 
diesel fuels whose ignition point is no lower than 60° C. 

Art. 133. -The diesel fuel shall not contain more than 1.5 pet by 
weight. 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

Art. 132 -Exhaust gases from these machines shall pass through 
a purifying device before being discharged into the atmosphere of 
the mine. Temperature of the exhaust gases shall not exceed 82° C 
at the point of exit from the purifier. 



Art. 134 - The exhaust pipe shall point towards the floor and shall 
be located at the point farthest removed from the operator. 

Art. 140 -Concentrations of toxic gases in the exhaust shall not 
exceed the following limits in volume: 

Carbon monoxide 0.25% 

Nitrogen dioxide 0.10% 

Sulfur dioxide 0.10% 

Aldehydes 0.001% 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 



Art. 139 -Samples of the exhaust gases shall be taken no more 
than 30 centimeters from the exhaust outlet. 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

Art. 141 -In the ambient atmosphere, the oxygen content shall 
be no less than 20% by volume and poisonous gases shall not exceed 
the following limits by volume: 

Carbon dioxide 0.50% 

Carbon monoxide 0.01% 

Nitrogen dioxide 0.0005% 

Sulfur dioxide 0.0005% 

Methane 1.00% 

Art. 135 -In all work areas where diesel machines are used there 
must be adequate ventilation. Minimum air flow in those areas 



47 



must be 2.121 cubic meters per minute per brake horsepower; this 
quantity must be added to the quantity of air required for normal 
ventilation of the mine. 

Art. 136 -When the diesel machines are in operation, minimum 
air flow must be 15.24 meters per minute. 

Coal Mines 

Art. 177 -The quantity of circulating air shall be sufficient for 
necessary respiration, for the dilution of gas methane and shall 
follow the following regulations: 

(a) The minimum quantity of air shall be calculated by the 
largest number of workers per workshift, at the rate of 50 liters per 
worker per second. Each mule or horse should be counted as two 
men, and in the case of circular diesel locomotives, add 200 liters 
per second per horsepower; and, 

(b) Methane content shall not exceed 1.0 pet in the exit and 1.5 
pet in the partial current, and at work headings one meter from the 
face of the heading, and 30 centimeters from the ceiling or roof. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

Art. 138 -In places where diesel units are operating, ambient air 
and exhaust gases shall be sampled periodically for nitrogen diox- 



ide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide and a record shall be kept 
of the results. 

Coal Mines 

Art. 178 -Measurements shall be made biweekly or more fre- 
quently, if necessary, of the volume of entering and exiting air from 
each sector of the ventilation system, as well as the temperature, 
relative humidity, and the percentage of methane in the air in all 
areas. The data obtained shall be recorded in a special notebook 
which shall be available to any interested person. 

Art. 186 -Carbon mines shall have all necessary measuring 
equipment which will permit determination of ventilation and air 
conditions at any given moment. 

Noise Standards 

Not specified in available literature. 

Contact: Ing. Guillermo P. Salas 
Director General 
Consejo de Recursos Minerales 
Ninos Heroes No. 139 
Mexico 7, D.F. 



NEW ZEALAND 



Types of Engines Permitted 

Diesel engines -The Coal Mines Act generally prohibits the use 
underground of internal combustion engines, except for diesels 
(60). 

Type of Engine (61) 

Must be one that has received approval for use by: 

(a) Mines Dept. Queensland, Australia, or 

(b) Dept. of Mineral Technology New South Wales, Australia, 
or 

(c) National Coal Board, UK. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 



Proof of approval by above organizations to be provided including 
original application material (61). 

With the written approval of the Inspector, diesel internal com- 
bustion engined vehicles of a flame-proof type may be installed 
underground. The regulations specify the following guidelines to be 
observed when diesels engines are used underground (60): 

i. No engine which has any defect which may affect its safe 
operation may be used. 

ii. Diesel engines must be inspected by a person appointed in 
writing by the mine manager. The results of these inspections and 
the actions taken to remedy and defects must be recorded in a book, 
available at the manager's office. 

Diesel engines must be daily examined by a competent person 
other than the driver, and at least once a week by a competent 
diesel engineer or mechanic. The results of these examinations 
must be similarly recorded in the book available at the manager's 
office. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

Oil used for fueling diesels used underground must have a flash 
point of not less than 65.5° open cup as determined in the manner 



indicated in the current British Standard Specification, shall not 
have a sulfur content of more than 0.5 pet by weight, and shall be 
free from water, sediment and dirt (60). 



Engine Emission Control Requirements 

If the carbon monoxide content or the nitrogen dioxide content is 
found to exceed 0.1 percent, the engine must not be used until the 
quality of the exhaust gases is brought within this limit (60). 

4. Specified control measures (60) 

ix. Diesels used underground must be fitted with exhaust 
scrubbers of a design approved by the Inspector. The tanks of ex- 
haust gas scrubbers must be cleaned and filled with fresh water as 
often as is necessary to maintain efficient operation, but not less 
than once each working shift. 

x. Diesel engined vehicles must not be left running while the 
vehicles are stationary, except for short periods of time not ex- 
ceeding one minute. 

xi. No diesel engined vehicle may be operated in a mine if the 
exhaust fumes contain black smoke. 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

At least once in every 4 weeks, the undiluted gases of every diesel 
shall be sampled and analyzed. If the carbon monoxide content or 
the nitrogen dioxide content is found to exceed 0.1 percent, the 
engine must not be used until the quality of the exhaust gases is 
brought within this limit. The samples must be taken when the 
engine is being run at maximum speed on full load, and at idling 
speed on no load. A copy of each analysis must be forwarded im- 
mediately to the Inspector. At least every 6 months, a laboratory 
chemical analysis of undiluted exhaust gas samples must be carried 
out (60). 



48 



Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

4. Specified Control Measures (6*0) 

vi. Diesel engined vehicles must not be operated at any working 
place where coal is being produced, nor are they allowed beyond a 
point in the mines stipulated by the Inspector. 

vii. Diesels shall be used underground only in intake airways 
where air for ventilation of the airways is drawn from the purest 
possible source and shall include, in addition to a supply of air suffi- 
cient for the maximum number of men employed in the mine at one 
time, a supply of air for any diesel-engined equipment operating in 
the mine of sufficient quantity to provide not less than 10,000 cubic 
feet per minute in the airway. 

Diesels shall not be used in the airways if the general atmosphere 
contains more than: 

(a) 0.002% of carbon monoxide; or 

(b) 0.25% of carbon dioxide; or 

(c) 0.0005% of nitrogen dioxide; or 

(d) 0.0005% of formaldehyde; or 

(e) 0.5% methane 

viii. Should the concentrations of gases referred to above be ex- 
ceeded, immediate steps must be taken to disperse the concentra- 
tions and the engines shall not be operated until concentrations fall 
below the prescribed maximum limits. 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

2. Frequency of contaminant sampling (60) 

The regulations require the following tests be performed in 
regard to internal combustion engines used underground: 

(a) Tests for carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen shall be 
made as often as may be required by the Inspector, but not less 
than once in each 24 hours. 

(b) Tests for methane must be performed at least once in each 
working shift by a mine official, who must use a methometer ap- 
proved by the Inspector for the purpose of each test. 

(c) Tests for carbon dioxide and formaldehyde must be performed 
as often as required by the Inspector, but not less than once in each 
week. 

The results of these tests must be recorded by the person who 
made the tests and maintained in a record kept at the mine. 

Noise Standards 

Not specified in available literature. 

Contact: Not provided. 



NORWAY 



Types of Engines Permitted 

2.4 Requirements for Engines (62) 

Gasoline driven engines will not be used in underground work. 

Other engine types should be used which pollute as little as possi- 
ble (for example pre-chamber and rotary engines). 

Engines will be kept in good condition with periodic maintenance. 
Special attention will be paid to the fuel system, nozzles and air 
filter. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engines 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

Not specified in available literature. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 
Not specified in available literature. 
Engine Emission Control Requirements 

2.4 Requirements for Engines (62) 

Idling is to be avoided as much as possible. The same applies to 
cold start and warming up in mine spaces. 

Exhaust gas will be led away so that it does not interfere with the 
driver and others in the vicinity. Vehicles with internal combustion 
engines will be equipped with fire extinguishing equipment when 
underground. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

Section 28 

Diesel engines will be regularly inspected and maintained so that 
exhaust conditions are good (63). 



Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

Section 31 Gas and Dust Concentrations (63) 

Gas and dust at the work place must be removed. If that is not 
possible, gas and dust contents in the air will be thinned so that the 
concentrations in inhaled air can be held below the administrative 
norms. 

Regular control measurements will be taken where it is believed 
that damaging concentrations could be present. 

Note: The norms of the Labor Inspection for air pollution are 
found in their own publication, "Administrative norms for air pollu- 
tion in the working atmosphere" (Labor Inspection Order Nr. 
361X6-4). The norms are subject to continuous reevaluation. 

Administrative Norms: TLV's (6i) 

Nitrogen oxide 25 ppm 30 mg/m 3 

Sulfur dioxide 2 ppm 5 mg/m 3 

Carbon monoxide 35 ppm 40 mg/m 3 

Carbon dioxide 5,000 ppm 9,000 mg/m 3 

Nitrogen dioxide 2 ppm 3.6 mg/m 3 

Respirable quartz dust (<5 /*m) (25/%Si0 2 + 5) 

Troublesome (nuisance) dust (total) 10 

2.3 Measurements (62) 

With the simultaneous presence of two or more damaging 
substances, there will be greater emphasis on their combined effect 
than on the individual effects that each could cause alone. Ques- 
tions of this nature should be brought to the Industrial Hygiene In- 
stitute. 

Oxygen content in the working air will normally be over 19%. 

The temperature in working air will normally be below 30° C. 

If it is not possible in practice to remove pollution, or thin it suffi- 
ciently, the workers will utilize approved personal protective equip- 
ment (for example passing through blasting dust). 



49 



Section 29 -General (63) 

Satisfactory ventilation must be ensured with tunnel work. Recir- 
culation of polluted air is not permitted. 

2.2 Requirement for Ventilation (62) 

2.21 General. Natural ventilation will seldom be sufficient to keep 
the atmosphere clean enough during work in mines. It will 
therefore be necessary to use artificial ventilation, primarily to 
take away the damaging/polluting substances as much as possible, 
and to thin out the remaining substances such as the concentrations 
of these are as low as possible. 

Sucking ventilation with help of a fan can be a useable solution 
for removing blasting gases from spaces in long tunnels, especially 
with small cross sections. The method is not suited to diesel opera- 
tions because of danger of mist formation in the tunnel. 

Following are some formulas for the calculation of the require- 
ment for ventilation with tunnel operations which a committee 
from NVE National Power Works has worked out. The calculations 
are based on the fresh air supply being 1,200 m 3 /kg fuel. The com- 
mittee has among other things decided that with long tunnels there 
should be a relatively great leakage from the ventilation pipe if a 
sufficient thinning of the exhaust gases from diesel operation is to 
be attained (62). 

It has been established by measurements of exhaust gas that a 
diesel-driven loading machine, with diesel oil consumption b 
(liter/hr) requires an air supply Q 2 (M 3 /min)= 17.2b. 

The necessary amount of air which must be brought to the work 
face, Qo, is Qo = QiQ 2 =0.65B F + 17.2b, 

where B = loading capacity, (F m 3 /min), 

and F = concentration/administrative norm or C/T. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

2.3 Measurements (62) 

Regular measurements of the air in the mine where there is work 
going on will be made, and where there is danger of exceeding the 



administrative norms of the Labor Inspection for pollution of the 
working atmosphere. Measurements will be carried out at least 
twice each year and at other times when exceeding the ad- 
ministrative norms is suspected. 

Only measuring equipment of an approved type will be used. 

The Labor Inspection and the Industrial Hygiene Institute can 
give further guidance on the choice and use of measuring equip- 
ment. 

Each mine will set up instructions for measuring (testing). The 
results will be available to all employees. Special attention will be 
paid to measurements of N0 2 , CO and oil mist. 

Dust concentrations will be measured and samples analyzed if 
there is reason to believe that the concentration is too high. 

6.3 Danger of gas (65) 

Measurements of such places will be taken as often as necessary 
to hold the gas concentrations under control. 

2.2 Ventilation equipment (62) 

There will be regular checking of ventilation installations to be 
sure that the air supply is correct. 

Noise Standards 

Section 44. -Noise (63) 

Effective measures to reduce the noise level must be taken where 
it is considered necessary. Measurements will be taken. 

Note: The danger of hearing damage increases significantly with 
noise levels over 85 dBA, which must not be exceeded if technically 
or practically possible. 

2.1 Personal Protective Equipment (65) 

In working places with high noises the workers will use adequate 
ear protectors. 

Contact: Mining Division 

Ministry of Norway 
Oslo, Norway 



PHILIPPINES 



The following rules and regulations for the Philippines 
have been excerpted from the "Revised Mine Safety Rules 
and Regulations" handbook (66). 

Types of Engines Permitted 

Rule 134-7. The use of diesel equipment shall be restricted to 
places where adequate ventilation is maintained. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

Not specified in available literature. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

Rule 134-2. The fuel shall have a flash point of 66° C (150° F) or 
higher and contain less than 0.12 pet sulfur by weight. 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

Rule 134-1. The fuel injection system shall be locked to prevent 
unauthorized changing of air-fuel ratio (approximately 20:1, i.e., 



the engine shall use twenty kilograms of air burning one kilogram 
of fuel). 

Rule 134-3. A cooling system shall be provided for the exhaust 
gas of the engine. 

Rule 134-4. Under normal conditions, the undiluted exhaust gas 
of the engine shall not contain more than 0.10 pet by volume of car- 
bon monoxide. 

Rule 134-5. Provisions shall be made to dilute the exhaust gas 
with air to not more than 100 parts per millions by volume of car- 
bon monoxide before it is discharged into the surrounding at- 
mosphere. 

Rule 134-6. The percentage of carbon monoxide in the general 
mine air because of this exhaust gas of the engine shall not exceed 
0.01 pet (100 ppm). 

Rule 134-8. The quantity of air supplied shall be adequate to 
dilute all toxic constituents of the exhaust gas (2.0 cu.m/min. or 75 
cfm per rated horse-power at maximum in some tunnel work in nor- 
mal air). 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 



Not specified in available literature. 



50 



Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

Rule 96. -Diesel engines shall not be used in any part of 
underground workings and in tunnels under construction because 
of the hazards of carbon monoxide in the exhaust except: 

(a) When the velocity of air current is adequate and the follow- 
ing gases are less than the maximum allowable. 

Maximum al- 

Gases lowable, % 

Carbon Dioxide 0.500 

Carbon Monoxide .010 

Nitrogen Oxide .0025 

Methane .500 

Hydrogen Sulfide .002 

Sulfur Dioxide .001 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

Not specified in available literature. 

Noise Standards 

Not specified in available literature. 

Contact: Mr. J. C. Fernandez 

Bureau of Mines and Geo-sciences 
Ministry of Natural Resources 
P.O. Box 1595 
Manila, Philippines 



POLAND 



Types of Engines Permitted 

Four-stroke diesel, direct injection, water-cooled (67). 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

Specific instructions or formats are not provided for 
testing and certification. However, requirements are given 
for fuel lines, safety and control systems, induction systems, 
safety and control systems, exhaust cooling systems, elec- 
trical equipment, and antifire accessories. These re- 
quirements (68) follow: 

Chapter 3. -Fuel Lines 

11. Fuel lines should be: 

(1) made of corrosion resistant material having suitable 
mechanical stability, 

(2) constructed in a manner to protect them from mechanical 
damage, 

(3) tight and so built that, in case of damage, leaking fuel will 
not penetrate the exhaust system, 

(4) easily accessible for inspection. 

12. The distance of the fuel lines from the exhaust system should 
not be less than 25mm. 

13. Metal fuel lines cannot be joined by a soft solder. 

Chapter 4. -Safety and Control Systems 

14. A valve easily accessible for manual cut-off of fuel inflow 
should be installed in the fuel line. 

15. The locomotive should be equipped with an automatic system 
protecting it from excessive temperature of the surface of the ex- 
ternal engine and the exhaust system. 

16. The locomotive should be equipped with a system of control: 

(1) of pressure of the oil lubricating the engine 

(2) of pressure of the oil in cases where a hydraulic gear is used 

(3) of oil temperature in a case where a hydraulic gear is used 

(4) of temperature of liquid cooling the engine 

(5) of temperature of exhaust gases. 

Chapter 5. -Induction System 

17. Intake of the suction line should be equipped with a refining 
filter. 

18. (1) Behind the refining filter there should be installed a flame 
breaker of the type allowed by the Higher Board of Mining. 



(2) The method of building the flame breaker should ensure its 
protection from mechanical damage and external soiling. The flame 
breaker should be able to be easily dismounted. 

19. All the joints in the induction system must be fireproof and in 
the case where gaskets are used on the joints, the gasket material 
should be thermally and mechanically resistant. 

20. The induction system of a locomotive engine should undergo 
testing for static having a value equal to one-and-a half times the 
value of the maximum pressure of a methane explosion. 

23. In diesel engines the maximum lengths and clearances of 
ports should meet the following requirements: 



Type of part 

Valve pin 

Injection nozzle 

Cylinder head 

Piston 



Length, mm 


Port, mm 


12.5 


0.12 


12.5 


.12 


10.0 


.05 


25.0 


.12 


12.5 


.12 



24. In flat joints gaskets which are mechanically and thermally 
resiliant must be used. 

25. In the circulation of the liquid coolant the engine should have 
a thermostat built: 

(1) blocking the circulation of the liquid until the temperature 
has been reached which has been established for moving conditions 

(2) properly controlling the flow of the cooling liquid during 
engine operation. 

Chapter 7. -Exhaust System 

26. No part of the external surface of the exhaust system can 
have a temperature higher than 200° C. 

27. On the end of the exhaust system there should exist a closed 
connector, which serves to collect samples of non-rarified exhaust 
gases. 

28. A flame breaker of the type allowed by the Higher Board of 
Mining must be used in the exhaust system. 

29. The exhaust system should fill the requirements defined in 19 
and 20. 



Chapter 8. -Exhaust Gases Cooling System 

30. The temperature of exhaust gases cannot exceed 70° C. 

31. (1) The exhaust gases should be conducted through a water 
washer. 

(2) The content of water in the washer through which the ex- 
haust gases flow should be, within the measure of loss, refilled from 
an additional container of water, provided with level gauges. 



51 



Chapter 9. -Electrical Equipment 

32. Electrical equipment for diesel locomotives should: 

(1) meet the requirements of obligatory norms for electrical 
explosion-proof equipment, 

(2) be permitted by the Higher Board of Mining. 

Chapter 10. -Anti-fire Accessories 

33. The locomotive should be equipped with a permanent ex- 
tinguishing system actuated from both of the operator's control 
cabs. 

34. The extinguishing medium should be delivered through a com- 
mon pipeline to special fog nozzles directed at least toward: 

-the fuel injection pump, 

-the cut-off valve in the fuel line 

-the induction system 

- the alternator or generators. 



Fuel Quality Specifications 

Not specified in available literature. 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

Part I -Chapter 6 (67). 

21. The content of carbon monoxide in engines before exhaust to 
the atmosphere should not exceed 0.05 pet, at rated power and dur- 
ing idling of a new engine and after a general overhaul. 

Part I -Chapter 7 (67). 

26. No part of the external surface of the exhaust system can 
have a temperature higher than 200° C. 

27. On the end of the exhaust system there should exist a closed 
connector, which serves to collect samples of non-rarified exhaust 
gases. 

28. A flame breaker of the type allowed by the Higher Board of 
Mining must be used in the exhaust system. 

Part I -Chapter 8 (67). 

30. The temperature of exhaust gases cannot exceed 70° C. 

31. (1) The exhaust gases should be conducted through a water 
washer. 

Part II -Chapter 7 (67). 

86. During a pause in the work of a diesel locomotive lasting more 
than 5 minutes the operator is obliged to immobilize the engine. 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

Part II -Chapter 9 (67) 

90. (1) Inspection of non-rarified fuel for the content of carbon 
monoxide should be conducted at least once every two weeks. 

(2) A mine laboratory worker authorized by the "Barbara" Ex- 
perimental Mine can conduct the analysis of non-rarified exhaust 
gases for carbon monoxide content. 

91. Specimens of non-rarified exhaust gases should be collected 
by pipettes directly from the exhaust system. These specimens 
should be collected during engine idling and under load at max- 
imum revolutions after 20 minutes of operation. 

92. If the analysis of collected specimens of exhaust gases before 
exhaust to the atmosphere indicates a carbon monoxide content 
greater than 0.1 pet, the locomotive should be removed from opera- 
tion immediately. After eliminating the reasons for surpassing the 
allowable content of carbon monoxide, the locomotive may be 
placed in operation after a renewed inspection of exhaust gases 
with a positive result. 



Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

IV. COAL MINING HEALTH STANDARDS AS OF 1978 (68). 

All accessible workings and premises must be constantly ven- 
tilated by a current of air containing not less than 19 volumes per 
centum of oxygen and not more than: 
1 volume per centum of carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) 
0.002 volume per centum of carbon monoxide (CO) 
0.00025 volume per centum of nitrogen dioxide (N0 2 ) 
0.0007 volume per centum of sulfur dioxide (S0 2 ) 
0.0007 volume per centum of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) 



General Regulations (67) 

35. In underground mining excavations in non-methane and 
methane fields only diesel locomotives of explosion-proof construc- 
tion are allowed to be used. 

36. The principal condition for using diesel engines is a concentra- 
tion of methane in the air of less than 1 pet. 

37. Diesel locomotives may be used under the condition that the 
contents of carbon monoxide in the mine air: 

(1) in excavations with separate ventilation and in excavations 
ventilated by passing currents flowing to the ventilating shaft omit- 
ting the ends, will be less than 0.0016 pet, 

(2) in excavations ventilated by passing currents flowing to the 
ends, will be less than 0.001 pet. 

38. The discharge of air current in excavations in which diesel 
engines are used should be at least: 

(1) In excavations with separate ventilation and excavations 
ventilated by passing currents flowing to the ventilating shaft omit- 
ting the ends: Qp = 62.5 qCO + 50 m 3 /min. 

(2) in excavations ventilated by passing currents flowing to the 
ends: Qp = 100 x qCO, where: Qp = required amount of air, m 3 /min, 
and qCO = rough amount of carbon monoxide separated from the 
engines of all the diesel apparatus operating in the excavation in 
1/min., determined by measurements for every type of apparatus, 
under the worse working conditions of the engine. 

39. In transport excavations, considered in rooms "c" and "b" 
with regard to the explosion hazard on account of the control of the 
methane concentration, a methane meter should be constructed on 
the locomotive which would signal the optical or acoustical concen- 
tration of methane 1 pet and greater. 

40. When verifying that the methane concentration in the 
transport excavation has reached 1 pet, the locomotive engine 
should be immobilized. Renewed mobilization of the locomotive 
engine may take place with the consent of the supervisor of the ven- 
tilation department. 

41. (1) Transport with diesel locomotives may be conducted in ex- 
cavations with flowing or separate ventilation. 

(2) Driving diesel locomotives into an excavation with a stopped 
pipe fan ventilated by separate ventilation is forbidden. 

(3) When stopping a pipe fan while a diesel locomotive is 
operated in a transport excavation vented by this fan the 
locomotive engine should be immobilized. 

(4) Renewed mobilization of a diesel locomotive engine may 
take place after mobilization of the pipe fan and checking the 
methane concentration. 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

Part II -Chapter 8(67) 

87. In excavations in which diesel locomotives are used at least 
once a month air samples should be collected to determine the con- 
tent of methane, nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide. 

88. Air samples in excavations, in which diesel locomotives are 
used, should be collected: 

(1) in exhausts from the depot chambers and locomotive fuel 
tankage chambers, 



52 



(2) in all transport excavations ventilated by separate ventila- 
tion, 

(31 in transport excavations ventilated by flowing ventilation, in 
which adequately for every maximum amount of diesel equipment 
used in these excavations n = l, 2, 3 . . . and, the outputs of air cur- 
rents are the least, 

(4) in methane poles in all transport excavations ventilated by 
flowing currents, in which the methane content exceeds 0.5 or in 
which possibilities exist for growth in the content of methane up to 
1 pet or higher. 

89. (1) Air samples should be collected during operation of all 
diesel equipment used in the excavation, in the exhaust current 
from this excavation and in the excavation vented by air duct suck- 
ing in the intake to the air duct. 

(2) The ventilation engineer determines the collection areas of 
the air samples. 

93. In the case of proving during the inspection, that the carbon 
monoxide content in the air exceeds 0.0016 pet, operation of the 
locomotive must be stopped immediately. 



Noise Standards 

The permissible noise level of 90 dB(A) has been established in 
Schedule B of the Order of the Minister of Labor, Wages and Social 
Affairs of March 17, 1976, on the Maximum Permissible Concentra- 
tions and Intensity of Agents Harmful to Health in Work 
Establishments which entered into force on July 1, 1976. If noise 
exceeds the above level, protective equipment to reduce the noise 
to 90 dB(A) must be provided. Rules for measurement of noise shall 
be established by the Chief Health Inspector. However, such rules, 
if issued, are not available in the Law Library, Library of Congress, 
as of this writing (68). 

Contact: Dr. Paul A. Krzystolik 

Deputy Director, Assistant Professor 

Safety in Mines Institute-Experimental Mine 

"Barbara" 
Central Mining Institute 
ul. Podleska 72 
43-190 Mikolow, Poland 



REPUBLIC OF KOREA 



Korea is in the mining situation where mining develop- 
ment is being undertaken on a small scale of underground 
mineral bodies, and in fact large-scale diesel engines are 
almost not in use in mining work. There are, of course, cases 
where comparatively large diesel engines of various kinds 
are used in the development of lime stones or kaoline, but 



they are subject to the vehicular laws or environment con- 
trol laws (69). 

Contact: Mr. Mahn Sup Kim, Director 

Korea Institute of Energy and Resources 
P.O. Box: Gurco 98, Seoul 



REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA 



During 1960 the Department of Mines decided to allow mobile 
diesel powered equipment in South African fiery mines, provided 
that such equiment complied with the requirements of U.S. Bureau 
of Mines Schedule 31 "Mobile diesel-powered transportation equip- 
ment for gassy noncoal mines and tunnels". Experience with such 
equipment showed, however, that the American requirements were 
not always suitable for South African conditions. A survey of na- 
tional opinion made by the South African Bureau of Standards 
showed that a national specification that would reduce the hazards 
of the ignition (by diesel engines) of firedamp-air mixtures or coal- 
dust deposits, was generally considered desirable. 

Such a specification would assist the promotion of safety and the 
reduction of economic losses in firedamp-endangered mines. On 
these grounds the Council of the South African Bureau of Stan- 
dards approved the preparation of the requested specification (70). 

Types of Engines Permitted 

Chapter 10. -VENTILATION, GASES AND DUST (71) 

10.25.1 No internal combustion engine other than a diesel engine 
shall be used underground in any mine. 

10.25.2 No diesel engine shall be used underground- 

(a) in any mine unless there is sufficient ventilation to render 
harmless the exhaust gases produced; and 

(b) in any fiery mine or in any other mine in the workings of 
which there may be a risk of such diesel engine igniting gas or coal 
dust unless it is of a design and construction approved in writing by 
the Government Mining Engineer, and then only under such condi- 
tions and subject to such restrictions as he may specify. 



Section 3. -Requirements (70) 

3.1 Engines shall be four-stroke diesel engines that do not use 
volatile fuels during starting or in operation. 



Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

Section 3. -Requirements (70) 
3.2 FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM 

3.2.1 Setting. The fuel injection system shall be such that the 
maximum quantity of fuel injected can be permanently set at a 
desired level and shall be so arranged that access to the means for 
adjusting this level can be gained only by means of a special key. 

1. The presence of flammable gas inside an apparatus may be due 
to either or both of the following: 

(a) Generation inside the enclosure of a gas, e.g., gas from the 
cracking of hydrocarbon oil by the electric arc in oil-immersed 
switchgear; 

(b) entry of gas from a surrounding flammable atmosphere via 
openings in the enclosure. 

2. It should be understood that the aim of flameproof enclosure is 
not necessarily the total avoidance of any gaps in an enclosure. The 
principle recognizes that some openings are unavoidable in practice 
and so restricts itself to requiring that the size of such openings 
shall not exceed the safe limit above which the nature of the escap- 
ing flame is such as to ignite a specified flammable atmosphere. On 
the other hand, it is not the aim to require joints to be deliberately 
spaced to give an opening. 



53 



3. The South African Bureau of Standards has been accepted as a 
Testing Authority by the Government Mining Engineer. 

3.2.2 Fuel Pumps. Fuel pumps shall be of a type that allows the 
maximum fuel stop to be adjusted to give a calibrated quantity of 
fuel and the pump then to be mounted on the engine without change 
of adjustment (e.g., multi-element single block units with integral 
camshaft and stop). 

3.2.3 Governor. The governor that controls engine speed and fuel 
injection shall not affect airflows to the engine and there shall be 
provision for locking its adjustment control. 

3.2.4 Filters. The system shall include filters that ensure that fuel 
will be clean when it reaches the fuel pump and the injectors. 

3.3 ENGINE INTAKE SYSTEM 

3.3.1 Strength. When tested as described in 6.2.2, the intake 
system shall be capable of withstanding the appropriate test 
pressure without being damaged. The test pressure shall be an in- 
ternal pressure equal to four times the maximum pressure ob- 
served in the preliminary explosion test given in 6.2.1 or a pressure 
of 8.6 bar whichever is less. 

3.3.2 Joints 

(a) Joints in the system shall be metal-to-metal and shall be 
flanged, spigoted, or screwed, or a combination of these. The 
thickness of each joint (other than the joint between the manifold 
and the cylinder head) shall be such that the length of the 
flameproof path through the joint is at least 25 mm. In the case of 
the joint between the manifold and the cylinder head, this length 
shall be at least 12.5 mm. 

(b) The joint between the cylinder head and the manifold (that 
may have a gasket that complies with 3.3.2(c)) shall be tight to such 
an extent that a 0.05 mm thick feeler gauge cannot enter the joint 
for a distance of more than 3 mm. 

(c) A joint may be fitted with a metal (or metal-clad) gasket of 
thickness not exceeding 0.5 mm, provided that the gasket is 
positively positioned by through-bolts or other acceptable means. 

(d) Joints shall comply with the requirement of SABS 314* for 
metal to metal joints in Class A apparatus. Group I enclosures, and 
each joint shall withstand repeated explosions within the system 
without permanent deformation and shall prevent the propagation 
of flame through the joint into a surrounding flammable mixture. 

3.3.3 Intake Flame Arrester 

(a) Provisions and position. The intake system shall include a 
flame arrester that will prevent flame from an explosion within the 
system from igniting a surrounding flammable mixture. The ar- 
rester shall be between the air cleaner and the intake manifold. It 
shall be so attached by means of shrouded bolts that it can be readi- 
ly removed for inspection and maintenance, and it shall be so 
mounted that it is protected against accidental external damage. 

(b) Construction. The construction of the arrestor shall be such 
that the arrester can be cleaned easily and is capable of withstand- 
ing, without showing signs of deterioration, repeated explosions 
within the intake system. Arresters shall be made of material that 
is not liable to electrolytic corrosion. The parts of the flame ar- 
rester shall be positively positioned to produce a flameproof path 
that will arrest the propagation of an explosion and shall be so 
designed that incorrect assembly is impossible. 

(c) Spaced plate type arresters. The plates of spaced plate type 
arresters shall be austenitic stainless steel. The overall length of 
plates of a given thickness and their width (or the minimum length 
of the flameproof path) shall conform to the values given (graphical- 
ly) in Figure 1 (for example, the overall length of plates of thickness 
2.5 mm shall not exceed 240 mm and their width shall be at least 32 
mm. 

The distances between the plates shall not exceed 0.45 mm and 
the unsupported length of the plates shall not exceed 63 mm. 

3.3.4 Air Shut-Off Valve 

(a) Except as allowed for in 3.3.4(b), the intake system shall in- 
clude a valve (operable from the operator's compartment) to shut 
off the air supply to the engine. The valve shall be such that it can 
be closed only after the fuel supply to the engine has been shut off 
and that it is fully open before fuel can be supplied to the engine. 

(b) Alternatively the intake system shall include other accept- 
able means of preventing combustion from taking place in the 
cylinders (such as flooding the inlet system with inert gas). 



3.3.5 Air Cleaner. The intake system shall include an air cleaner 
such that air entering the flame arrester is clean and that 
resistance to airflow does not increase rapidly in dusty at- 
mospheres. Filters of the oil bath type shall be acceptable if they in- 
clude provision to prevent overfilling. 

3.3.6 Vacuum-Gauge Connection. The intake system shall include 
a connection opening to allow the temporary attachment of a 
vacuum gauge for indicating the pressure drop under flow condi- 
tions. This opening shall be closed by a plug or other acceptable 
device that can be sealed or locked in place when not in use. 

3.4 JOINTS IN THE ENGINE 

3.4.1 Cylinder Head. The joint between cylinder head and engine 
block may be fitted with a reliable gasket, held securely in position 
by through bolts or other acceptable means of preventing a change 
in alignment. 

3.4.2 Valve Guides. Valve guides shall have a clearance of not 
more than 0.5 mm and a length of at least 25 mm. 

3.4.3 Strength of Joints. Joints shall withstand repeated explo- 
sions within the engine and its intake and exhaust systems without 
permanent deformation and shall prevent the propagation of flame 
through the joint into a surrounding flammable mixture. 

3.5 ENGINE EXHAUST SYSTEM 

3.5.1 Strength. When tested as described in 6.2.2., the exhaust 
system shall be capable of withstanding the appropriate test 
pressure without being damaged. The test pressure shall be an in- 
ternal pressure equal to four times the maximum pressure ob- 
served in the preliminary explosion test given in 6.2.1 or a pressure 
of 8.6 bar whichever is less. 

3.5.2 Joints. The requirements of 3.2.2. shall apply. 

3.5.3 Exterior Surfaces. Exterior surfaces of the exhaust system 
shall be readily accessible (for cleaning) and shall be such that they 
minimize the accumulation of dust and combustible substances. 

3.5.4 Material. All surfaces that are in contact with exhaust gases 
between the outlet of the exhaust manifold and the exhaust flame 
arrester mounting flange (including the latter) shall be of austenitic 
stainless steel or other acceptable corrosion resistant metal. 

3.5.5 Exhaust Flame Arrester 

(a) Provision and position. The exhaust system shall include a 
flame arrester that will prevent propagation of flame and discharge 
of heated particles to a surrounding flammable mixture. The ar- 
rester shall be so positioned that only cooled exhaust gas will 
discharge through it. It shall be so attached by means of shrouded 
bolts that it can be readily removed for inspection and 
maintenance, and it shall be so mounted that it is protected against 
accidental external damage. 

(b) Construction. The requirements of 3.3.3(b) and (c) shall 
apply. 

(c) Cooling boxes used as arresters. The exhaust gas cooling 
box (see 3.5.6(b)) may be used as the flame arrester provided that 

(1) it is of a type that brings the exhaust gas into intimate con- 
tact with water or an aqueous solution in at least two places, 

(2) explosion tests have proved that it will arrest flame, 

(3) it is equipped with a device that automatically cuts off the 
fuel supply to the engine when the liquid in the boxes reaches a cer- 
tain minimum (safety) level, and 

(4) the device that cuts off the fuel supply is so housed that ac- 
cess to it can be gained only by unlocking a compartment or the 
device is such that it can be adjusted only by the use of special tools 
(such as those required for shrouded bolts and nuts). 

3.5.6 Exhaust Cooling System 

(a) Provision. The engine shall have a cooling system for the ex- 
haust gas. The system shall be such that, when tested as described 
in 6.3, it meets the requirements given in 3.5.6(b) and (d). 

(b) Capacity. The heat-dissipation capacity of the system shall 
be capable of reducing the temperature of the undiluted exhaust 
gas (at the point of discharge from the cooling system) to a 
temperature not higher than 76.7° C under all conditions of engine 
operation. The cooling system shall contain enough liquid (see 
3.5.6(c)) to allow operation of the engine under one-third load for 8 
hours. The minimum quantity of water or aqueous solution 



54 



available for cooling shall be at least 2-2/3 times the consumption 
during 1 hour when the engine is operating at maximum load and 
maximum speed. 

(c) Method of cooling. Cooling shall be effected by passing the 
exhaust gas through water (or a dilute aqueous solution of a 
suitable compound) contained in a cooling box (conditioner), or by a 
spray of water (or of a dilute aqueous solution of a suitable com- 
pound) that enters the exhaust system near the outlet of the ex- 
haust manifold, or by a combination of these two methods. 

Openings shall be provided for drainage and cleaning all parts 
of the cooling system; such openings shall be closed by a plug or 
other acceptable device that can be sealed or locked in place when 
not in use. 

(d) Automatic shut-off. The cooling system shall include a 
device that will automatically shut off the fuel supply to the engine 
when the temperature of the exhaust gas (at the point of discharge 
from the cooling system) rises above 85.0° C. This device shall be 
so housed that access to it can be gained only by unlocking a com- 
partment, or the device shall be such that it can be adjusted only by 
the use of special tools (such as those required for shrouded bolts 
and nuts). 

(e) Combination of low water level cut-off and temperature cut- 
off. It shall be permissible to provide one device which can fulfill 
both the functions of the low water level cut-off and of the 
temperature cut-off; or alternatively the two devices may act on the 
same fuel cut-off valve. 

3.5.7 Surface Temperatures of Engine and Exhaust System. The 
engine shall incorporate means for ensuring that when tested as 
described in 6.3, the temperature of any external surface of the 
engine or the exhaust system will not exceed 204° C under any con- 
dition of engine operation. Water-jacketed components shall have 
integral jackets and positive circulation of water in the jackets shall 
be ensured. The engine shall be fitted with a device that cuts off the 
fuel supply to the engine when the water in the cooling jackets) 
reaches boiling point. This device shall be so housed that access to it 
can be gained only by unlocking a compartment, or the device shall 
be such that it can be adjusted only by the use of special tools (such 
as those required for shrouded bolts and nuts). 

NOTE: Insulating covers shall be deemed not to be acceptable 
means of controlling surface temperatures. 

3.5.8 Gas-Tightness of Exhaust System. The joints in the exhaust 
system shall be gas-tight, i.e., such that it is not possible for ex- 
haust gas to leak through them under any condition of engine 
operation. Gas tightness shall be achieved by the use of ground 
joints or by using thin metal (or thin metal-clad gaskets) in the 
joints. All the joints shall be fitted with adequate through-bolts, and 
gaskets shall be aligned and held securely in position by the bolts or 
by other acceptable means. 

3.5.9 Discharge of Exhaust Gas. Discharge of the exhaust gas 
shall be such that the gas is directed away from both the operator's 
compartment and the vicinity of the heads of persons working near 
the equipment. 

3.5.10 Pressure-Gauge Connection. The exhaust system shall in- 
clude a connection opening at a suitable point to allow the tem- 
porary attachment of a pressure gauge for measuring the total 
back-pressure in the system. The opening shall also be suitable for 
the temporary attachment of gas-sampling equipment. The opening 
shall be closed by a plug or other acceptable device that can be 
sealed or locked in place when not in use. 

3.6 FUEL-SUPPLY SYSTEM 

3.6.1 Fuel Tank 

(a) Position. The tank shall be in a fixed position relative to the 
engine and there shall be no provision for the attachment of 
separate auxiliary fuel tanks. 

(b) Construction. The tank shall be made of metal at least 1.60 
mm thick. Seams shall be welded and the tank shall be free from 
leaks. 

(c) Drain plug. The tank shall have a drain plug (not a valve or a 
petcock) which shall be locked in position. 

(d) Filling facilities. Filling facilities shall be such that fuel can 
be added only through a self-closing valve positioned at least 300 
mm away from the exhaust manifold of the engine and preferably 



below it. The valve shall constitute a fuel-tight (but not an air-tight) 
closure when fuel is not being added. Any part of the valve that 
may become detached during the addition of fuel shall be secured to 
the tank by a chain or other acceptable means of attachment. The 
design of the filler opening or of the filler cap (see 3.6.1(e)) shall be 
such as to prevent extraction of fuel by methods such as dipping 
waste material into the tank. 

(e) Filler cap. The filler opening shall have a filler cap contain- 
ing a vent that ensures that atmospheric pressure is maintained in- 
side the tank. The vent shall be small enough to prevent the 
splashing of fuel through it. The filler cap shall be attached to the 
tank by a hinge or other acceptable means. 

3.6.2 Fuel Lines. All fuel lines shall be so installed that they are 
protected against damage during normal use of the engine or equip- 
ment and they shall be such (and shall be so secured) that vibration 
will not cause failure. 

3.6.3 Cut-off Valve. The fuel supply system shall include a cut-off 
valve (additional) to the normal shut-off valve in the fuel injection 
system) that enables the engine to be stopped by the fuel operator 
in an emergency. 

3.7 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT 

All electrical equipment fitted to the diesel engine and to the an- 
cillary apparatus shall comply with the appropriate requirements of 
SABS 314 or of SABS 549.* 

3.8 FRICTION CLUTCH BELL HOUSINC 

All joints and apertures in a friction clutch bell housing shall com- 
ply with the requirements of SABS 314 for metal-to-metal joints in 
Class A apparatus for use in Group I gas, and the minimum length 
of flameproof path shall be at least 25 mm. 

3.9 MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS 

Each engine or piece of diesel powered equipment shall be accom- 
panied by full instructions for its maintenance. These instructions 
shall include maintenance of flameproofness. 



SECTION 4. -MARKING (70) 

4.1 The following information shall be given in clear, conspicuous, 
and permanent marking on each engine: 

(a) The trade name or registered trade mark or the name of the 
manufacturer; 

(b) the type designation; and 

(c) the serial number. 



SECTION 6. -INSPECTION AND METHODS OF TEST (70) 

6.1 INSPECTION. 

Inspect and measure the sample drawn for compliance with all 
the appropriate requirements given in Sections 3 and 4 other than 
those tested in terms of 6.2 and 6.3. 

6.2 STRENGTH TESTS OF INTAKE AND EXHAUST SYS- 
TEMS 

6.2.1 Explosion Tests. Remove the engine intake and exhaust 
systems from the engine block. Blank off their manifold with 
suitable metal plates and remove the air cleaner from the engine in- 
take system. Then, using a mixture of the Group I gas (firedamp) 
and air, subject each system to the tests given in Subsection 8.6 of 
SABS 314. 

6.2.2 Pressure Test. At the conclusion of the explosion tests, sub- 
ject each system to a pressure equal to four times that recorded in 
the appropriate preliminary test (see Subsection 8.6.3 of SABS 
314) or 8.6 bar whichever is less. Apply this pressure by one of the 
methods given in Subsection 8.7(a) of SABS 314. 

At the conclusion of the test, closely examine the systems for 
signs of damage. 



55 



6.3 EXHAUST COOLING SYSTEM TEST 

(a) Fill all compartments designed to hold cooling water with 
the minimum quantity of water recommended by the manufac- 
turer. Operate the cooling spray (if provided). Make no special pro- 
vision for the circulating cooling air over the engine or the com- 
ponents of the cooling system. 

(b) Allow the engine to reach temperature equilibrium. 

(c) Measure by any convenient method the temperature of the 
undiluted exhaust gas at different loads and speeds up to maximum 
load and speed. 

(d) At maximum load and speed determine the quantity of 
water consumed in unit time and check for compliance with the re- 
quirements of 3.5.6(b). 

(e) Operate the engine under any convenient conditions, and 
withdraw water from the cooling system until the exhaust-gas 
temperature just exceeds (85.0° C) and check for compliance with 
3.5.6(d). 

(f) By any convenient means, cause the temperature of the 
water in the cooling jackets to reach boiling point, and check that 
the automatic fuel cut-off operates at this point. 

(g) Measure, by any convenient means, the surface 
temperatures of the engine and exhaust system throughout the 
tests given in this subsection (6.3) for compliance with the re- 
quirements of 3.5.7. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

Not specified in available literature. 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

CHAPTER 10. -VENTILATION, GASES, AND DUST (71) 

10.25.3 Every diesel engine used underground shall be provided 
with means whereby the air entering the engine is cleaned, the ex- 
haust gases before being expelled are cooled and where expelled 
are diluted, and the emission of flames or sparks is prevented. 
These means shall be maintained in an effective condition. 

10.25.5 The operations of a diesel engine underground shall be 
discontinued until conditions have been remedied - 

(a) if the air at any place where it is being used is found to con- 
tained more than 100 parts of carbon monoxide or five parts of ox- 
ides of nitrogen per 1,000,000 by volume, or 

(b) if the exhaust gases of the engines are found to contain more 
than 100 parts of carbon monoxide or 1,000 parts of oxides of 
nitrogen per 1,000,000 by volume, or 

(c) if the engine is found to have any defect which may cause 
danger to persons. 

10.25.6 The engine of a diesel powered unit underground shall 
not be kept running idle except while being tested or during brief 
halts while in use. 

SECTION 3. -REQUIREMENTS (70) 

3.5.5 The exhaust system shall include a flame arrester that will 
prevent propagation of flame and discharge of heated particles to a 
surrounding flammable mixture. 

3.5.6 The engine shall have a cooling system for the exhaust gas. 
The heat dissipation capacity of the system shall be capable of 
reducing the temperature of the undiluted exhaust gas (at the point 
of discharge from the cooling system) to a temperature not higher 
than 76.7° C under all conditions of engine operation. The cooling 
system shall contain enough liquid to allow operation of the engine 
under one-third load for 8 hours. Cooling shall be effected by pass- 
ing the exhaust gas through water (or a dilute aqueous solution of a 
suitable compound). A device shall be included to automatically 
shut off the fuel supply system to the engine when the temperature 
of the exhaust gas rises above 85.0° C. 

3.5.7 The temperature of any external surface of the engine or 
the exhaust system shall not exceed 204° C under any condition of 
engine operation. 



3.5.8 The joints in the exhaust system shall be gas-tight, i.e., such 
that it is not possible for exhaust gas to leak through them under 
any condition of engine operation. 

3.5.9 Discharge of the exhaust gas shall be such that the gas is 
directed away from both the operator's compartment and the vicini- 
ty of the heads of persons working near the equipment. 

Procedure and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

CHAPTER 10. -VENTILATION, GASES AND DUST (71) 

10.25.4 Where a diesel engine is used underground samples shall 
be taken - 

(b) at intervals not exceeding three months, of gas emitted from 
the exhaust of the diesel engine when the engine is developing max- 
imum power and when the engine is idling. 

The percentage by volume of carbon monoxide or oxides of 
nitrogen present in each sample shall be determined and a record 
kept of the results. 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

CHAPTER 10. -VENTILATION, GASES AND DUST (71) 

Permissible Quantities of Gas and Dust 

10.6.6 In the general body of the air at any place where persons 
are required to work or travel, under normal working conditions - 

(a) the amount of carbon dioxide shall not exceed 5,000 parts 
per 1,000,000 of air by volume. 

(b) the amount of carbon monoxide shall not exceed 100 parts 
per 1,000,000 of air by volume. 

(c) the amount of oxides of nitrogen shall not exceed five parts 
per 1,000,000 of air by volume. 

(d) the amount of hydrogen sulphide shall not exceed 20 parts 
per 1,000,000 of air by volume. 

(e) the amount of inflammable gas shall be insufficient to show a 
distinct cap on the reduced flame of a safety lamp, and 

(f) the concentration of dust shall not exceed such standard as 
may from time to time be specified by the Government Mining 
Engineer. 

Quantity and Velocity of Air -Metalliferous and Diamond Mines 

10.7 In every controlled-metalliferous or controlled diamond 
mine unless exempted in writing by the Inspector of Mines - 

10.7.1 the velocity of the air current along the working face of 
any stope shall average not less than 0.25 metre per second over 
the working height; and 

10.7.2 the quantity of air supplied at the working face of every 
development end such as a tunnel, drive, crosscut, raise or winze 
which is being advanced and at the bottom of any shaft in the 
course of being sunk shall not be less than 150 cubic decimeters per 
second for each square metre of the average cross-sectional area of 
the excavation. 

Quantity and Velocity of Air -Coal Mines 

10.8 In every coal mine not exempted in writing by the Inspector 
of Mines - 

10.8.1 the quantity of fresh air in cubic decimeters per second 
supplied throughout the 24 hours to each ventilating district shall 
be not less than 25 multiplied by the maximum mass in metric tons 
of coal and rock mined per shift in such district; 

10.8.2 no ventilating district shall at any time contain more than 
200 persons; 

10.8.3 in longwall working the velocity of the air current along 
any face shall average not less than 0.25 metre per second over the 
working height; 

10.8.4 in bord and pillar working, roadways that carry a unidirec- 
tional flow of air over the whole of their cross-sectional area from 
the main intake to the main return aircourse of any section of the 
workings for the purpose of ventilating such workings shall be pro- 
vided and maintained to carry such flow as close as practicable to 
every working place in such section. The average velocity of the air 



56 



current through any such roadway at its nearest point from any 
working place which it serves with air shall not be less than 0.25 
metre per second; 

10.8.5 the quantity of air supplied at the face of any heading 
which is being advanced in coal and which has advanced more than 
20 metres from its point of communication with the nearest road- 
way that is carrying a unidirectional flow of air over the whole of its 
cross-sectional area from the main intake to the main return air- 
course of the section of the workings in which such heading is being 
advanced shall not be less than 150 cubic decimetres per second for 
each square metre of the average cross-sectional area of the 
heading; 

10.8.6 the quantity of air supplied at the face of any tunnel being 
advanced in stone or in dyke and at the face of any shaft in the 
course of being sunk shall not be less than 150 cubic decimeters per 
second for each square metre of the average cross-sectional area of 
the excavation and waterblast shall be installed in accordance with 
regulation 10.10.5. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

CHAPTER 10-VENTILIATION, GASES, AND DUST (71) 

Air Measurement and Dust Sampling -Controlled Metalliferous 
and Diamond Mines 

10.9.1 At every controlled metalliferous or controlled diamond 
mine, where the manager is required to make an appointment, 
determinations shall be made during the mam working shift not 
less than once in 3 months of the ventilation and environmental 
conditions and the amount of dust in the air in the main airways and 
at the faces of working stopes, development ends and shafts in the 
course of being sunk and such other places as directed by the 
manager. Where in the opinion of the Inspector of Mines regular 
determinations of the concentrations of carbon dioxide, carbon 
monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and hydrogen sulphide in the air of 
the working places are necessary, he may, with the approval of 
Government Mining Engineer, require determinations to be made 
at such intervals as he may specify. 



Air Measurements and Dust Sampling 
Metalliferous and Diamond Mines and Works 



-Non Controlled 



10.9.2 At any metalliferous or diamond mine not referred to in 
regulation 10.9.1, and at works where in the opinion of the Inspec- 
tor of Mines regular determinations of the concentration of dust 



and gases in the air of the working place are necessary, he may, 
with the approval of the Government Mining Engineer, require the 
determinations to be made at such intervals as he may specify. 

Air Measurements and Dust Sampling -Coal Mines 

10.9.3 At every coal mine not exempted in writing by the Inspec- 
tor of Mines measurements shall be made during the main working 
shift not less than once a month of- 

(a) the quantity of air circulating through the mine and each 
ventilating district, and 

(b) the quantity of air circulating through every working sec- 
tion and the average velocity of the air current along the faces and 
in the roadways referred to in regulations 10.8.3 and 10.8.4. 

10.9.4 In every coal mine measurements shall be made during the 
main working shift not less than once in 6 months or at such inter- 
vals as the Government Mining Engineer may permit of the amount 
of dust in the air in representative working places in each section 
while drilling, cutting, breaking, loading or transfer of coal or rock 
is taking place. 

Record 

10.9.5 A record of the measurements made in terms of regula- 
tions 10.9.1, 10.9.2, 10.9.3 and 10.9.4 shall be kept. 

Returns 

10.9.6 A return of the average volume of air per minute downcast 
during the main working shift, the maximum number of persons 
underground at one time and such other information relating to 
ventilation, temperature and dust as may be required by the 
Government Mining Engineer shall be forwarded to the Inspector 
of Mines by the manager of- 

(a) every controlled metalliferous or controlled diamond mine 
once every 12 months, and 

(b) every coal mine, not exempted by the Inspector of Mines, 
once every 3 months. 

Noise Standards 

Not specified in available literature. 

Contact: Chamber of Mines of South Africa 
5 Hollard St., P.O. Box 61809 
Johannesburg, Marsh. 2107 
Republic of South Africa 



ROMANIA 



The following information on Romania has been ex- 
tracted from "The Departmental Norms for the Protection 
of Labor in Mining Activity" (72). 

Types of Engines Permitted 

Art. 1 For traction in the underground mining works are ac- 
cepted the Diesel locomotives manufactured according to the 
specifications* established by CCSM Petrosani regarding the con- 
struction of the locomotives underground mining. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

The following articles cover requirements, specifica- 
tions, conditions for operation, conditions for verification 



during operation, requirements by the technical manual, 
and required documents and evidence. 

Art. 2. The operation specifications are the ones indicated in the 
technical manual by the vendor and, for the underground opera- 
tion, the following are especially important: 

-The maximum readjustment power of the Diesel engine ac- 
cepted for underground (respectively the maximum flow of the in- 
jection pump); 

-The cooling of the engine and of the burning gases; 

-The concentration of the toxic components of the burning 
gases; 

-The flame-gas-proof protection (in the case when the 
locomotives are intended for mines with explosive potential at- 
mosphere). 

Art. 3. The classification and the definitions regarding the Diesel 
locomotives for underground are the ones from the specifications 
indicated by Art. 1. 



57 



Art. 4. The conditions for admission in underground are 
established by the department norms for the protection of labor in 
mining, edition 1977 art. 47, 184 and 193, as well as art. 90 and 91.* 

Art. 5. The measures for the safety of operation of the Diesel 
locomotives in underground are shown according to the nature of 
the hazard as follows: 

a. The elimination of the hazard of intoxication due to the burn- 
ing gases which contain toxic and cancerous substances (carbon ox- 
ide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, aldehydes). The representative 
gas which is monitored is the carbon monoxide (also the fume densi- 
ty is monitored). By constructive measures applied to the Diesel 
engine, the toxic components are limited to a concentration easy to 
dilute in the natural draft. 

b. The elimination of the fire hazard due to the temperature of 
the exhaust system and the flammability of the fuels and lubricants. 
There are in use means of cooling, means to avoid the access of the 
combustible substances to the hot parts and means for protection. 
The locomotive is equipped with a fixed fire extinguisher (with car- 
bonic acid). 

c. The flame-gas-proof protection. Beside the requirements 
listed under b, the entrance and evacuation gallery are built accord- 
ing to the norms of the STAS 6877/2-74 "Explosion-proof Casing"* . 
Also, special rules are imposed upon the engine starting and the 
lighting equipment, whereas the other mechanisms of the 
locomotive shall not present the risk of ignition by sparks or 
heating by friction. 

Art. 6. The operation of the Diesel locomotives in underground 
mining works is allowed only after the verification of the fulfillment 
of the rules prescribed by the norms mentioned in Art. 4 and by the 
technical manual of the locomotive. 

Art. 7. When putting into service, one carefully verifies the 
engine and the Diesel fuel feeding installation for unsealed places 
where the Diesel fuel or oil could leak. The start (or the continua- 
tion of the operation) is forbidden if such defects are detected or if 
the engine and the associated subassemblies are dirty with diesel 
fuel, oil, dust or other combustible substances. The adjustment and 
revision operation, during which leakages of diesel fuel or oil are 
possible, must be performed in places specially set up for this pur- 
pose. 

Art. 8. Also, when putting into service, one carefully verifies the 
other mechanisms of the locomotive which contain oil and especially 
the ones with oil under pressure (hydraulic transmissions, 
hydrostatic transmissions, gears). 

Art. 9. At least once a day the start of the locomotive shall be 
done in shed, where one shall verify the conditions imposed for the 
operation and the water cooling systems of the engine and of the 
exhaust system. 

Art. 41. The verification of the Diesel locomotives during opera- 
tion is implemented according to the vendor indications, from the 
technical manual. The following verification steps shall be especial- 
ly taken into consideration: 

A. During 8 hours of operation: 

a. one adds water in the tank for spraying (and it is verified 
often during the shift, adding it as many times as necessary); 

b. one monitors carefully the operation of the locomotive. 

B. After 16 hours of operation: 

a. one verifies the water level from the muffler and adds it if 
necessary; 

b. one verifies the water level in the engine radiator; 

c. one lubricates the pump for spraying water; 

d. one verifies the fuel feeding system; 

e. one verifies the general conditions of the locomotive and 
cleans it; 

f. one verifies the transmission and braking systems. 

C. After 50 hours of operation: 

a. one cleans the exterior of the exhaust parts and the other 
engine parts by wiping with a cloth soaked in detergent, then one 
washes with water; it is prohibited to use any petroleum products 
for this purpose; 

b. one removes the water from the muffler and one adds up to 
the level with clean water; to ameliorate the corrosiveness in the 



muffler, one puts several pieces (boulders) of calcium carbonate 
(lime stone) which will be replaced every 50 hours; 

c. one verifies the water filter; 

d. one dismounts and cleans the nozzle for water spraying; 

e. one verifies the operation of the engine and one performs the 
necessary adjustments; 

f. other works required in the technical manual. 

D. After 100 hours of operation: 

a. one cleans the packages of plates from the exhaust and the 
interior of the muffler with 2%-5% NaOH Solution (caustic); 

b. one cleans the package of plates from admition; 

c. one verifies the transmission belts; 

d. other works required in the technical manual. 

E. After 200 hours operation: 

a. one verifies the tightness of the connections at intake and ex- 
haust; 

b. one verifies the pump for water spraying (the flow and the 
system tightness); 

c. one visually verifies the condition of the engine operation 
regarding the burned gases; 

d. one verifies and cleans the engine injectors; 

e. one verifies the electrical lighting system; 

f. one verifies the transmission and braking systems; 

g. other works required by the technical manual. 

F. After 400 hours of operation: 

a. one dismounts, cleans and polishes with an instrument the 
nozzle for water spraying; 

b. one verifies the tightening of the screws of the cylinder 
cover; 

c. one cleans the engine cooling system (according to the indica- 
tions from the technical manual); 

d. other works required by the technical manual. 

G. After 1,200 hours of operation: 

a. one dismounts, verifies and cleans the cylinder cover; 

b. one verifies the CO concentration and the fume density in the 
exhaust gases with the special set for measurement; the verifica- 
tion is done for idling, for maximum rotative speed and for max- 
imum load (which is implemented for example by lifting the 
locomotive on stand-offs such that the wheels will be free and one 
applies the brakes), see also Art. 14 and 15. 

c. one verifies, cleans and adjusts the injection equipment ac- 
cording to the instructions from the technical manual of the 
locomotive; 

d. one examines carefully the condition of the parts from intake 
and exhaust (gallery, intake, cylinder cover, exhaust pipe, muffler) 
and if there are degradations or corrosion, one assesses if it is 
necessary to repair; 

e. other works required by the technical manual. 
H. After 3,600 hours of operation: 

a. one verifies the engine condition, the toxicity of the exhaust 
gases, one verifies and adjusts the injection equipment; 

b. one verifies the condition of the transmission and brake 
parts; 

c. one examines carefully the condition of the exhaust pipe and 
of the muffler and, if necessary, one verifies by the hydrostatic 
pressure test. 

I. Other Works Required by the Technical Manual 

Art. 42. After 6,000 hours of operation one makes a detailed 
verification of all the subassemblies of the locomotive, one checks 
all the parts subjected to wear and corrosion and one replaces them 
if necessary, one verifies at 8 atm hydrostatic pressure the intake 
gallery, the channels of the cylinder cover, the exhaust pipe and the 
muffler. 

Art. 43. For the repair of the parts which belong to the intake and 
exhaust system, as well as the equipment of the electrical lighting 
systems of the flame-gas-proof locomotives, one requires to abide 
by the rules imposed for electrical with flame-gas-proof protection 
explosion-proof casings. 



58 



Art. 44. The technical manual of the locomotive shall be available 
for the persons in charge of the maintenance and the handling of 
the locomotives (at least in the possession of the team leader). 

Art. 45. In the specialized department of the mine, there shall ex- 
ist the main drawings of the components and the catalogue of the 
spare parts. 

Art. 46. The garages shall have operation logbooks with the 
evidence of the operations, revisions and repairs, as well as the fuel 
and lubricants consumption. 

Also, they shall have instructions for the operation of Diesel 
locomotives in underground and specific instructions for local con- 
ditions regarding the operation of Diesel locomotives and of the ex- 
isting equipment. 

The operators shall have the annual medical check-up for this 
position. 

Art. 47. The handling, maintenance and operation of the diesel 
locomotives shall be effected only by qualified personnel, who have 
received instruction, and have been examined and authorized. 



Fuel Quality Specifications 

Not specified in available literature. 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

Art. 15. Ordinarily the density of the fume seen by eye in the ex- 
haust gases shall be negligible. If the fume shows up in the exhaust 
gases, it means that the engine is not tuned-up or that the injectors 
are defective and the revision is necessary. Periodically, the density 
of the fume shall be measured with instruments (see the program 
under chapter 4). 

Art. 16. After the break-in is over, the CO concentration in the 
burned gases does not go over 0.05% by volume, and the density of 
the fume 15 degree Bosch respectively 0.055 g/m 3 solide slurries 
(during the break-in these limits are 30%-40% larger), if the engine 
is well tuned-up (according to the indications in the technical 
manual of the locomotive) and it is not affected by quality in 
fabrication. 

If the CO concentration reaches 0.12% by volume or if the fume 
density reaches 25 degree Bosch (0.111 g/m 3 solide slurries) the 
locomotive shall be revised for the elimination of the causes which 
generate the increase of the burned gases toxicity. 

Conditions to Avoid the Fire Hazard 

Art. 18. The operation of the engine cooling and exhaust system 
(the exhaust pipe and the muffler) in the parameters specified by 
the technical manual, as well as the perfect tightness of the fueling 
system and the oiling system represent the main conditions for fire 
prevention. 

Art. 19. The operation of the system to spray water in the ex- 
haust pipe is controlled after every start (touching by hand the body 
of the spraying nozzle it shall be felt cooler than the exhaust) and 
continuously during operation (monitoring the water consumption 
from the tank). 

Art. 20. It is prohibited to start or to continue the operation if: 

a. the cooling system by water spraying in the exhaust pipe 
does not work or it does not have water; 

b. the exhaust pipe is punched, has leaky joints or the cooling is 
not provided according to the indications in the technical manual. 

c. the muffler has holes or cracks (through which the water 
from the cooling bath leaks or one observes gases blowing); 

d. one observes lack of tightness of the fuel and oil systems; 

e. the fire extinguisher system with carbonic acid is missing or 
is incomplete (or the gas bottle is empty). 

Art. 21. Periodically, all the subassemblies of the locomotive are 
cleaned and washed, so that it shall be not possible to deposit com- 
bustible substances. A special attention shall be directed toward 
the engine and the exhaust system. The cleaning of the locomotive 
is done using water and detergents. It is prohibited to use for this 
purpose underground any kind of petroleum products. 



Conditions for Flame-gas-proof Protection 

Art. 23. For the locomotives with flame-gas-proof protection, the 
access gallery and the associated channels from the cylinder cover, 
by one side and the muffler plus the exhaust pipe plus the 
associated channels from the cylinder cover by the other side, 
represent explosion-proof casings and are treated as such during 
operation, in similar manner with the equipments built according to 
STAS 6877/2-74* (explosion-proof casing Exd I) and it is also re- 
quired that the joints between the exhaust pipe and the muffler to 
be hermetic. 

Art. 24. The entrance in the intake gallery and the exits from the 
muffler are closed with special "breathing" devices (packages of 
plates) according to the instructions mentioned in Art. 1 and STAS 
6877/2-74. To dismount and to clean these devices (which are made 
of stainless steel for durability and for reduction of the soot adhe- 
sion) it is demanded to observe the rules required for explosion- 
proof joints STAS 6877/2-74. 

Art. 25. Because some components of the burned gases (sulfur 
oxides) form with water corrosive substances, during operation the 
condition of the parts from the exhaust of the engine shall be 
periodically verified. The verification is done: 

a. visually every day (not to be water leaks in the cooling shell 
of the exhaust connected to the cooling circuit of the engine, not to 
be water in the muffler, not to be gases blowing from other places 
except the exits, with packages of plates); 

b. by the hydrostatic pressure test (at 8 atm) according to the 
schedule from chapter 4 of these instructions (the muffler, the ex- 
haust pipe and the channels in the cover of the cylinder are tested 
independently). 

Note: To neutralize the corrosive acide substances, in the water 
bath in the muffler shall permanently exist 2-3 Kg pieces (boulders) 
of calcium carbonate (lime stone). 

Art. 26. The deteriorated joint gaskets (there where they are 
made so by construction) shall be replaced with gaskets identical to 
the original ones. The joints between cylinder cover and the ex- 
haust pipe and between the exhaust pipe and the muffler shall be 
always hermetic. 

Art. 27. For the locomotives equipped with clutch with friction 
between engine and the gear box, one warns us that the clutch 
represents a dangerous source of setting fire if it is not well ad- 
justed, if it has the plates with the ferrodo destroyed (worn-out, 
broken) and if it is not strictly maneuvered according to the instruc- 
tion from the technical manual. The clutch shall be subject to an ex- 
igent verification as often as possible. The dry clutches with the 
plates without ferrodo are prohibited. 

Art. 28. Also, one warns us that the friction sparks between the 
wheels of the locomotive and the rails (railroad) and between the 
wheels and metallic brake shoes are dangerous for the lighting of 
methane. For that: 

- it is forbidden the operation of the locomotive with the skidding 
of the wheels on the rails; 

- the reduction of speed shall be done as much as possible by the 
reduction of the fueling of the engine, and the brake shall be used 
for stopping only as the last resort. 

Art. 29. The lighting equipment of the locomotive is operated ac- 
cording to the rules established for the electrical equipments with 
flame-gas proof protection. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

Conditions for the Limitation of the Toxicity 

Art. 12. The quantity of the equipment for injection and the strict 
observation of the verifications and adjustments (flow, pressure) 
imposed by the vendor in the technical manual of the locomotive, 
are essential elements in limiting the exhaust gases' toxicity. 

Art. 13. The exhaust gases' toxicity shall be periodically verified 
according to the indications from Art. 4, of these instructions and 
after every medium or capital repair or every time the adjustment 
of the injection equipment is modified versus the one required by 
the technical manual. 



59 



Art. 14. The concentration of the carbon monoxide is only 
measured with instruments intended to be used for the verification 
of the exhaust gases from the engines with internal combustion (for 
example the set Drager Werk Lubeck, type 21/31 CH 304 with the 
probe CH 214 and with the measuring tubes (CH20601) with the 
measuring range 100-300 ppm (0.01-0.3% by volume) CO. 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

Art. 17. The ventilation of the mining works where the Diesel 
locomotives work is ruled by the norms mentioned in Art. 4 with 
the following definitions: 

a. up to 0.06% by volume CO, 3 m 3 /min and CP; 

b. between 0.06% and 0.08% by volume CO, 4 m 3 /min and CP; 

c. between 0.08% and 0.12% by volume CO, 6 m 3 /min and CP; 

d. at 0.12% by volume CO and over, the locomotive shall be 
placed out of operation. 



To avoid the useless pollution of the underground atmosphere, it 
is recommended to shut off the engine during the longer stops. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

Not specified in available literature. 

Noise Standards 

Not specified in available literature. 

Contact: D. T. N. Roman Petru 

C.C.S.M. 

Dr. Petru Groza Nr. 32 

2675 Petrosani, Romania 



SPAIN 



Types of Engines Permitted 

Not specified in available literature. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

Draft requirements for a Spanish standard are being 
compiled by a working group. Currently French (Cerchar) 
procedures are followed (73). 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

Not specified in available literature. 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

Emission Control (74) 

Present regulations: only specification is maximum temperature 
of + 30C above ambient for gassy mines. 

New regulations (soon to be mandatory): maximum 1,500 ppm 
CO in undiluted exhaust. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

Not specified in available literature. 



Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

Minimum Quantity of Air (7J+) 

Present and new regulations: minimum of 180 L/sec of clean air 
per brake H.P. 
New regulations: maximum 50 ppm CO in general body. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

Not specified in available literature. 

Noise Standards 

Not specified in available literature. 



Contact: Direccion General de Minas e Industrias de la 
Construction 
Ministerio de Industria y Energia 
Serrano 37 
Madrid, Spain 



SWEDEN 



Types of Engines Permitted 



Combustion Engine Exhaust (75) 

b. The engine should be of a suitable type for both the par- 
ticular mining-machine and operation. Turbocharging should be 
avoided for loaders. 

The engine should be regularly maintained in good condition, 
the more important consideration being the fuel system and intake 
air filter. The air filter should be of a type, such as oil bath type, 
which does not clog in the underground environment. 

c. The engine fuel setting should be adjusted to give no more 
than 90% of the power rating for above ground use. If soot is visible 



in the exhaust (black soot) the engine should be removed for adjust- 
ment. 

d. The engine should be equipped with a system which ducts the 
crankcase gases to the air intake manifold, so called positive 
crankcase ventilation. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

Ventilation (75) 

18. If combustion engines are planned, or where expansion of 
their use is contemplated, a plan must, within a reasonable time, be 



60 



made available to the Health and Safety Administration for com- 
ments. 

67. Manufacturers of diesel- or compressed air-powered loaders 
and haulers for underground use should perform tests to determine 
levels of exhaust gas constituents, visibility-reducing soot and 
noise, and make the results available to the buyer. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

Combustion Engine Exhaust (75) 

When driving tunnels, use a diesel fuel with a distillation 
temperature of 150-290°C, and no more than 0.1% sulphur. Such 
fuel does not reduce the power level, but lowers the level of CO, 
S0 2 and soot, and prolongs engine life. 

The fuel should be kept clean and cleanliness observed during 
refueling. A dirty fuel tends to damage the fuel system which in 
turn leads to increases in pollutant levels in the exhaust. 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

Appendix lb (75) 

Engine Exhaust 

In workplaces where diesel-powered equipment is used for 
loading and transport, the ambient level of CO and NO x must 
regularly be determined at intervals suitable to each particular 
situation, but, as a rule, at least biweekly. At a new workplace, or 
where new or altered equipment is brought into operation, or 
where the ventilation system is changed, the levels of CO, C0 2 and 
NO must promptly be determined anew, regardless of previous 
determinations. 

In such cases, even oxygen levels, sulphur and formaldehyde 
levels should be reestablished. 

If the level of carbon monoxide sampled downstream catalytic 
afterburner, exceeds the normal reading by 25%, the engine must 
be adjusted and/or the catalytic reactor rehabilitated. A properly 
adjusted and maintained diesel should, as a rule, not emit levels of 
CO higher than 600 ppm at idle, or 800 ppm at full load. 

Ventilation (75) 

18 c. Combustion engines must not be idled unnecessarily. Even 
braking a vehicle with the engine, or idling to warm up a cold 
engine, must be limited. Where several diesel-driven engines are 
parked, evacuation of the exhaust must be provided for by means of 
a system directly connected to the tailpipe (during idling). 

66. Diesel-driven loaders and haulers must be of such construc- 
tion that the requirements of appendix lb can be maintained. Such 
equipment should also be equipped with means providing dilution of 
the exhaust. The exhaust must be directed away from and located 
at a sufficient distance from the operator, and also be arranged in 
such a manner that the exposure of workers near the machine is 
minimized. 

Loading machines should have watersprays capable of wetting 
the muckpile at the point of loading (digging). These sprays must be 
able to function also at freezing temperatures. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

Ventilation (75) 

18 d. Diesel-driven equipment in regular use must be regularly 
checked with respect to its exhaust, in accordance with appendix 
lb. If such equipment does not meet the requirements of appendix 
lb, its use must be immediately discontinued. 

Appendix lb (75) 

Continuous Monitoring of the Exhaust From Diesel-Driven 

Machinery 

On every diesel-powered machinery in regular use, checks must 
be made at least every 150 engine hr, or at minimum every other 



month. These should include smoke, and where catalytic after- 
burners are used, also the level of CO in the undiluted exhaust. 

1. Tests to be made with the machine in neutral, with engine up to 
temperature and at 75 to 100% of full load/rpm. Samples to be 
taken in the exhaust pipe, upstream of the scrubber, but 
downstream of a catalytic reactor, if such exists. 

If possible, the sample is preferably taken under full load. This 
can be done on machines with torque-converters with locked 
wheels, or with a loaded machine on grade. 

2. Smoke measurements to be performed by the Bosch method, 
or equivalent, for example Hartridge. 

3. If the smoke reading exceeds the normal by 50%, the equip- 
ment must be taken out of the work cycle and adjusted before 
return thereto. A properly operating engine, especially one 150 kW 
or over, exhibits a Bosch-reading not over 1 at idle, and not over 2 
at full load. 



Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

Appendix 1 (75) 

Required Fresh Air Volume 

The volume of air required for dilution and displacement of diesel 
exhaust can be calculated as follows: 

q^ = 0.27 Pq s K/3,600, 

where q„ = air required, m 3 /sec, 

fuel consumption, kg/kWh, 

engine power rating, kW, 

load factor-0.15 for horizontal transport; 0.30 for 

load-haul operations (over 25-m one-way haul 

distance); 0.45 for loading (less than 25-m one-way 

haul distance), 

and q s = specific air requirement, m 3 /kg fuel con- 

sumed -5,000 m 3 /kg when diluting in low rooms; 
3,000 to 4,000 m 3 /kg when diluting in high rooms. 



0.27 
P 
K 



Appendix lc (75) 

Monitoring for Toxic Gases and Oxygen Deficiency 

Measurements must be performed so that they are represen- 
tative of the air breathed by those working in the mine. Therefore, 
they must be made where the mine personnel normally work, and 
at regular intervals during the entire workshift. 

Engine Exhaust 

In workplaces where diesel-powered equipment is used for 
loading and transport, the ambient level of CO and NO x must 
regularly be determined at intervals suitable to each particular 
situation, but, as a rule, at least biweekly. At a new workplace, or 
where new or altered equipment is brought into operation, or 
where the ventilation system is changed, the levels of CO, C0 2 , N0 2 
and NO must promptly be determined anew, regardless of 
previous determinations. 

In such cases, even oxygen levels, sulphur and formaldehyde 
levels should be reestablished. 

Where the same equipment is used for both loading and haulage, 
the above measurements should be made at the place of loading. 

Ventilation (75) 

17. The lowest possible air-contamination shall be sought in the 
workplace. The levels of air-contaminants shall be guided by Part 
100, appendix 3:30b which lists TLV's with respect to gases from 
blasting and from diesel-engines, in underground mines and ex- 
cavations, the values shown in the table below must not be exceed- 
ed. If these values rise above those shown, immediate remedial ac- 
tion must be taken, or the men must be removed from the 
workplace. 



61 





Level, ppm, during an 


average exposure of— 


Constituent 


30 min, counted from 
first measurement 


8 hr, counted from 
first measurement 


CO 

co 2 


50 

15,000 

3 

30 




25 
5,000 


N0 2 . 


2 


'NO x 


20 



'NO + N0 2 . 

Note: Especially diesel exhaust, but also blasting fumes, contain a 
great many constituents. Exposure to some of these can cause 
discomfort and, in some case, constitute a health risk. For most of 
these constituents, an acceptable means of routine measurement is 
lacking. The values shown in the table are, however, considered 
safe, even considering the difficulty of reliable measurements. 

Since even C0 2 is important in this connection, the 5,000 ppm- 
limit is complimented by setting an upper limit (15,000 ppm) which 
requires remedial action within 30 min. 

The oxygen level must not fall below the following levels: 



Diesel 

driven 

machinery 


Average volume percent 2 — 


30 min, counted from 8 hr, counted from 
first measurement first measurement 


Not used' 

Used 2 


17 19 
19 20 



' Intended to prevent oxygen deficiency. 

2 Intended to assure normal combustion to preclude excess 
pollutants in the exhaust. 

18. Development and distribution of toxic gases from blasting 
and from combustion engines, as well as dust and oil mist, must be 
limited as far as possible. Electric power should be used where 
possible. 

19. Satisfactory ventilation must be arranged so that gas, dust, 
etc., cannot accumulate in amounts which can cause discomfort; 



constitute a health hazard; or reduce the oxygen level below that 
specified. In this respect the following must be observed: 

The general requirements for ventilation for radon in accord- 
ance with paragraphs 18-25, 25-27 and 31 must be met. 

The applicable requirements of appendix 1 must be observed in 
all underground construction and mining activities. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

Ventilation (75) 

20. The air quality in the workplace must be checked with respect 
to toxic gases from blasting and combustion engines, and with 
respect to oxygen level and dust. This must be done by 
measurements to the extent and in a manner specified in (a). 

(a) Gases from blasting and combustion engines and oxygen 
deficiency: Measurements shall be made in accordance with appen- 
dix lc. A record of these shall be kept showing time, location and 
levels. If excessive values are indicated, the type of corrective 
measure shall be given. This record must be available for review at 
the workplace. 

Noise Standards 

Proper devices and procedures shall be included in loading 
machines and transport vehicles, in order to minimize noise (75). 

If measurements exceed 85 dBA, further investigations must be 
performed to determine risk for hearing damage (76). 

Contact: Lena Sterte 

National Board of Occupational Safety 

and Health 
International Secretariat 
S-171 84 Solna Sweden 



SWITZERLAND 



Types of Engines Permitted 

Since very little construction equipment is manufacturered in 
Switzerland most of the equipment used is of foreign origin. As the 
important producing countries have standard tests and industrial 
safety construction standards, we do not conduct additional testing 
(77). 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

We have no test procedures, as such, random checks for in- 
dustrial safety of equipment are made according to the accompany- 
ing guidelines (Forcu 1574)*(77). 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

We have specifications as to Diesel qualities. For the whole of 
Switzerland, the sulfur content is fixed at 0.5%. However, various 
checks have shown that it is 0.2 to 0.3% (77). 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

5.3.3 Diesel Engines (78) 

Diesel engines shall be tuned so that the fuel is burned with as lit- 
tle smoke as possible. 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

We do not test exhaust gas (77). 



Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

For diesel-powered equipment, 4 m 3 fresh air/min are required. 
This amount of air is based on 5 ppm NO, which may only increase 
briefly to 10 ppm (77). 



4. Ventilation of Workplaces (78) 

4.1 Ventilation of Workplaces. - Continuous and sufficient ven- 
tilation of all workplaces underground shall be provided by a forced 
or natural flow of air. 

4.2 Required Air Volume. -The required air volumes will be 
found in the "Guidelines for Dimensioning and Operation of Forced 
Ventilation During the Performance of Underground Work" 
(SUVA Form 1484)*. 

Note: The following tables give "Maximum Allowable 
Concentrations" (MAC) for diesel contaminants (79). 
Reference 79 does not state that these are enforced stand- 
ards. 



62 



Table 2.— Overview of the major air pollutants present during the construction of tunnels and 

their allowable concentrations 



Substance and characteristics 



Effects 



Value 



Dust— Particles of floating matter: >5^m, rapid sedimentation, 
<5/im, slow sedimentation, <5^m, penetrating into lungs. 

Carbon dioxide (C0 2 )— Most often in large quantities in the 
blasting area and in diesel exhaust. 

Carbon monoxide (CO)— In large quantity in most 
explosives (blasting areas.) 



Nitrogen gas— Mixture of NO and NO, and other higher 
oxides of nitrogen, most often represented by the 
formula N0 2 . In the blasting areas and exhaust gas. 

Aldehyde— Most often represented by formaldehyde (H 2 CO); 
also higher aldehydes and acrolein (CH 2 : CH.CHO). 
In diesel exhaust. 

Sulfur dioxide (S0 2 )— Produced by the sulfur in diesel fuels. 



Silicosis. Quartz and certain silicates are 
dangerous. 

Odorless; in high concentrations (>4 vol %) 
headaches, fainting. 

Odorless; in concentrations greater than 1 
vol % (1,000 ppm), dangerous. Nausea 
fainting, death. 

At concentration of 10 to 50 ppm.: 
coughs->edema of the lungs->death. 



Coughing fits, inflammation of the eyes 
and throat. 



Biting odor, coughing fits; in higher 
concentrations edema of the lungs. 



See table 3. 
5,000 ppm. 
50 ppm. 

NO, 25 ppm; N0 2 , 5 ppm. 



Formaldehyde, 5 ppm; 
acrolein, 0.1 ppm. 



5 ppm. 



NOTE.— ppm = cm 3 /m 3 . 



Table 3.— MAC values for dust 



Quartz content, pet 

10 to 20 

20 to 30 

30 to 50 



Values for particles 
less than 5 \im, mg/m 3 

10 
5 
3 



Quartz content, pet 

50 to 70 

>70 



Values lor particles 

less than 5 ^m, mg/m 3 

2 

1 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

In addition to subjective evaluation of the atmospheric condi- 
tions, the quantity of air required by the ventilation plan is checked 
at the start of work and then at frequent intervals. At the same 
time, the composition of the air underground is checked (77). 

Noise Standards 

The following is an excerpt from the noise table (79). 



Earthmoving 
machinery 



Noise at work- 
place, dBA 



Hearing protection 
at exposures, % 



Excavators . 
Transporters 



95 
90 



>10 
>30 



17. Personnel Protection (78) 

17.4. Hearing protection. -In work areas with high noise levels, 
where technical means cannot lower the noise level below the limit 
injurious to hearing, workers must wear hearing protectors 
suitable for the noise conditions. 



Contact: 



Volksirtschafts department 
Bundesamt fur Industrie 
Gerwerbe und Arbeit 
Bundegase 8, Bern, Switzerland 



U.S.S.R. 



The following information on the U.S.S.R. was ex- 
tracted from its "Production Regulations for Diesel-Driven 
Transport in Coal and Shale Mines" (80). 

Types of Engines Permitted 

1.3 Four-stroke diesel engines must be used for transport drive. 
1.14 Equipment which ensures predilution of exhaust gases 
before their discharge into the atmosphere can be used. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

1.2. Diesel-driven transport must satisfy the "Safety Regulations 
in Coal and Shale Mines," the definitions of "PIVRE," the "Health 
Regulations in Mine Operation of the Coal and Shale Industry," the 



"Unifying Requirements for Increasing the Technical Level and the 
Safety of Electric Locomotives, Traveling Working Stock, Belt and 
Drag Conveyors and Mines of the Coal Industry," the "Regulations 
of the Traffic Ordinance," and the present "Regulations." 

Diesel engines with ancillary equipment built in accordance with 
the requirements of these "Regulations" must be labeled to indicate 
the degree of explosion protection ((in a rectangle) - PB) and the 
type of explosion protection ((in circle) -C). The clear inscription 
(Approved for Operation in Mines Subject to the Danger of Gas and 
Dust Explosion) must be attached to the machine. 

Approval for production manufacture of diesel machinery (diesel 
locomotive, selfpropelled carts, tractors, etc.) is prepared by In- 
stitutes MakNII (State Research Institute for Work Protection in 
Mining of the Eastern Regions) according to the model of the 
manufacturing enterprise and is confirmed by the "Committee for 
Maintaining Work Protection in Industry and for Mining Supervi- 
sion attached to the Council of Ministers of the USSR." 



63 



1.57. Designs of diesel-driven transport must be coordinated with 
Institute MakNII (State Research Institute in Makeyevka for 
Operating Safety in Mining) for the Institute WostNII (Research 
Institute for Work Protection in Mining of the Eastern Regions). 

II. FACTORY TESTS OF DIESEL-DRIVEN MINE TRANS- 
PORT 

2.1 Any newly manufacturered machine must undergo factory 
tests. 

2.2. Factory tests include: 

-Testing and determination of operating capabilities of 
machine overall; 

- Determination of basic technical data of the machine (effec- 
tive power, speed, pull, hoisting speed, braking path, etc.); 

- Operating check of diesel engine starting systems; 
-Determination of duration of machine operation with full 

tank of fuel and water for cooling and clean-up of exhaust gases; 

-Operating test of heat protection device of engines; 

-Temperatures monitoring of surface heat-up of exhaust 
system of the engine and temperature of exhaust gases discharged 
into the atmosphere; 

-Monitoring of exhaust gas composition and operating effi- 
ciency of neutralizer; 

- Operating test of fire protection system; 
-Determination of time of blockage of exhaust flame ex- 
tinguishers. 

2.3. The machinery must be tested on loading stands or in prod- 
uct testing departments. 

2.4. The duration of machine operation with water supply should 
be determined as simple operating time of the machine under full 
load. 

2.5. Operation of the heat protection device should be monitored 
under maximum load and rpm of the diesel engine by means of: 

- artificial interruption of water injection into the exhaust pipe 
(in case of exhaust pipe cooling by sprinkling of exhaust gases); 

- covering the radiator shutters or temporarily shutting off the 
engine fan or draining water from the air conditioning system (for 
cooling of the exhaust pipe using a water jacket). 

2.6. The heat protection device must shut off the engine at sur- 
face heat-up of the exhaust pipe up to 140 ± 10° C or of exhaust 
gases at the outlet to the atmosphere up to a temperature of 70 ± 
5°C. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

1.6. Diesel fuel with an ignition temperature in a closed crucible 
of not less than 55° C and a sulphur content of not greater than 0.2 
pet by weight with an anti-smoke additive can be used as fuel for 
the machinery. 

Use of fuel of unknown types is prohibited. 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

1.7. The conditionally allowable evolution of toxic components ex- 
pressed in grams per hour relative to 1 HP of installed engine 
power should not exceed the values given in table 1 during opera- 
tion in all gears. 





Table 1.— 


Component 


Evolution, g/HP per hour— 


Before gas cleanup After gas cleanup 


Carbon monoxide . . 
Nitrogen oxide 
relative to N0 2 . 


10.0 4.0 
5.0 5.0 



For the evolution values cited the concentrations of the carbon 
monoxide and nitrogen oxide after clean-up of the exhaust gases 
should not exceed 0.08 pet and 0.07 pet relative to volume. 

N0 2 concentration standard was ascertained from a determina- 
tion computation of the ion nitride by means of Griesz-Ilosvay 
Reagent. 



Use of other methods to determine nitrogen oxides is authorized 
under the condition that the analysis results are given relative to 
the N0 2 equivalent adopted in these "Regulations." 

To compute any evolution component, the following formula is 
recommended: 

B = 0.45 Mc (WIN) g/HP/HR, 

where M = molecular weight of the component, g, 

c = concentration of component in constituent of exhaust 
gas, in pet relative to volume, 
W = ejection of exhaust gases, m 3 /hr, 
and N = engine power, HP. 

1.8 All transport must be equipped with liquid neutralizer s in- 
tended for cooling and clean-up of exhaust gases before they are 
released into the atmosphere of the mine. 

The use of both pure water in the neutralizers and aqueous 
solvents which neutralize toxic components of the exhaust gases is 
allowed. Use of toxic or highly corrosive reagents is prohibited. 

1.9 The liquid neutralizers must ensure cooling of the exhaust 
gases released into the atmosphere to a temperature of 70° C or 
less. 

1.10. The liquid neutralizers must insure the required degree of 
clean-up of the exhaust gases without additional filling of the 
machinery with neutralization solution for a duration of at least 7 
hours operation of the unit under full load. 

1.11 The housing for the liquid neutralizer must ensure conven- 
ient flushing and cleaning of the latter as well as the possibility of 
liquid level monitoring. 

1.12. All transport subject to redesign must also be equipped with 
catalytic neutralizers for carbon monoxide and for other products 
of incomplete combustion. 

1.14. The exhaust openings of the machinery must be arranged 
such that the possibility of penetration of undiluted exhaust gases 
into the driver's compartment and within the range of respiration 
of individuals located near the machine is precluded. The direction 
and velocity of the exhaust gas flow should not contribute to addi- 
tional dust formation underground 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing 
Exhaust Gases 

1.13 A nozzle for sampling of the exhaust gases for analysis must 
be provided in the exhaust space of the liquid neutralizer. 

1.46. The inlets for supply of the fire extinguishing mixture of 
water into the exhaust or intake system as well as the nozzles for 
sampling exhaust gases must have flame extinguishers in the form 
of channels with a diameter of maximum 1 mm over a length of at 
least 13 mm or with a diameter of maximum 0.8 mm over a length 
of at least 5 mm. 

2.7 Measurements of diesel surface heat-up and of exhaust gases 
must be taken at fixed temperatures of the water which cools the 
engine and at an air temperature of at least 20° C. 

The surfaces of the exhaust manifolds of the exhaust pipe, the 
cylinder block and engine cylinder heads must be monitored. The 
exhaust gas temperature is measured directly at the exhaust open- 
ing of the machine. 

2.10. Undiluted exhaust gases from diesel machinery must be 
analyzed for carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide content. Absolute 
deviation in determining carbon monoxide should not exceed 0.01 
pet, and that of nitrogen oxide (relative to dioxide) should not ex- 
ceed 0.001 pet by volume. 

2.11. Gas samples for analysis must be taken at maximum idle 
rpm, and at 75 and 100 pet engine load at nominal rpm, directly 
after filling the air conditioning unit and after three and seven 
hours of engine operation. 

2.13. Results of factory tests must be collected in a report which 
must be included in the technical documentation supplied with the 
machine. 



64 



In addition to standard data, the report must also indicate toxici- 
ty, temperature, and flow rate of exhaust gases for each operating 
mode of the machine. 

2.14. Until a standardized type program has been developed all 
factory test procedures on test models of diesel driven mining 
machines must be coordinated with Institute MakNII or Institute 
WostNII. 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

Not specified in available literature. 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

Not specified in available literature. 

Noise Standards 

Not specified in available literature. 
Contact: Not provided. 



UNITED KINGDOM 



Types of Engines Permitted 

4. Diesel-Power Units (81) 

93. Only water-cooled diesel engines will be considered for ap- 
proval for use in coal mines. On such engines the air intake, com- 
bustion and exhaust systems must be able to withstand, without 
permanent deformation, any explosion that may occur within such 
enclosures and prevent the transmission to the outside atmosphere 
of such flame or products of combustion as would ignite flammable 
gas present in the atmosphere. Flexible pipes may be used in the in- 
let and exhaust systems provided they are of a design which 
satisfies the Executive. The design and construction of engines for 
which approval is sought must comply with the appropriate re- 
quirements of this Part. It should be noted that every individual in- 
let and exhaust system of an approved type must be pressure 
tested by the manufacturer before being put into use. 

94. Air-cooled diesel engines may be permissible for use in non- 
coal mines subject to their meeting the appropriate requirements of 
this Part. 

95. Diesel engines of the indirect injection type are preferred. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

Certification Procedures (82) 

1. Written applications by manufacturer or accredited agent for 
non-UK firms 

2. Application to be accompanied by: 

(a) technical description and specification including maximum 
speed, load and gradient 

(b) technical drawings of general arrangement and details of in- 
let, combustion, exhaust, cooling, hydraulic, pneumatic and elec- 
trical systems 

(c) appropriate fee 

TESTING PROCEDURES (81) 

Diesel powered locomotives, vehicles and equipment 

Stage 1 testing 

155. Stage 1 testing comprises the static testing of appropriate 
parts of the diesel engine inlet and exhaust systems in order to 
determine their ability to withstand an internal explosion without 
the transmission of flames or incendive material into the surround- 
ing atmosphere. 

156. The tests will be carried out at the Health and Safety Ex- 
ecutive Laboratories, Buxton, and will be generally in accordance 
with BS 4683*: Part 2: 1971 Clauses 15.3.1 and 15.4. The gas used 
for the tests will be pentane. The applicant will be provided for con- 
necting the apparatus to the test rig. 



Stage 2 testing 

157. Stage 2 testing, which is normally carried out after the inlet 
and exhaust systems have successfully completed Stage 1 testing, 
comprises the operational testing of a complete engine on a 
dynamometer test bed. Where the design of a locomotive or vehicle 
makes it necessary the tests may, alternatively, be carried out on a 
complete locomotive or vehicle. The tests will normally be carried 
out at the HSE Laboratories, Buxton, but alternative ar- 
rangements to carry out these tests elsewhere may be permitted at 
the discretion of the Executive. 

158. Tests will be carried out on the unit at outputs up to full 
power to determine: 

(a) the maximum temperature which the engine, exhaust 
system (including the exhaust flame trap) and associated ancillary 
equipment can attain; 

(b) the maximum temperature of the undiluted exhaust gases 
emerging from the flame trap; 

(c) the maximum concentrations of carbon monoxide and oxides 
of nitrogen present in the undiluted exhaust gas; 

(d) the efficacy of the various safety devices fitted to the engine 
to stop it in the event of: 

(i) failure of linkage between governor and fuel pump; 

(ii) shortage of water in the conditioner box; 

(iii) excessive temperature of engine coolant; 

(iv) loss of engine oil pressure; and 

(v) excessive fluid transmission temperature; and 

(e) the ratio of dilution of the exhaust gases. 

159. Additional tests as (a), (b) and (c) will be carried out using a 
1.25% methane in air mixture for the engine intake. These tests 
will be for record purposes only. 



Fuel Quality Specifications 



Fuel Oil (83) 



27. The manager of every mine in which any diesel locomotive 
runs shall make and secure the efficient carrying out of ar- 
rangements whereby - 

(a) no fuel oil is used for the generation of energy in that 
locomotive other than oil of a specification approved by the 
Minister: 

(b) no oil for use as aforesaid is taken below ground otherwise 
than in a suitable container which does not leak; and 

(c) any such oil at any time stored below ground (otherwise than 
in the tanks of locomotive) - 

(i) is kept in a filling station in a suitable container which does 
not leak; and 

(ii) does not exceed in quantity, such quantity as, together 
with any oil than in the tanks of locomotives for which it has been 
brought below ground, is likely to be consumed by those 
locomotives (having regard to their normal use) within the period of 
48 hours next following. 



65 



Engine Emission Control Requirements 

Exhaust system (81) 

100. Where an exhaust gas conditioner box of the water bath 
type is provided, it must be designed to hold sufficient water to cool 
the exhaust gases and must be adequately baffled to ensure that 
the gas fully mixes with the water. The box must be manufactured 
from stainless steel or other material acceptable to the Executive. 
The water capacity of the system should be sufficent to permit the 
engine to operate at one-third load factor for a period of eight 
hours. A device must be provided to stop the engine automatically 
when the water level falls below the minimum operating level. 

103. (a) The temperature of the undiluted exhaust gas issuing 
from the flame trap located on the outlet side of any conditioner 
box or in any other case, issuing from the conditioner box discharge 
opening, must not exceed 70°C. 

(b) Exhaust gases shall be discharged away from the driver's 
cab or seat position. 

119. The exhaust gas, before dilution, must not, when the engine 
is on test, at idling, half load and full load conditions contain more 
than: 1,500 ppm carbon monoxide; and 1,000 ppm oxides of 
nitrogen. 

Catalytic devices may be used to meet this requirement, but in 
such cases particular attention will need to be given to the surface 
temperature and exhaust gas temperature requirements. 

120. Provision must be made to dilute the exhaust gas with air 
before it is discharged into the surrounding atmosphere. The ratio 
of dilution must not be less than 15:1 under all conditions of engine 
loading; 

121. Provision must be made in the exhaust system for the con- 
venient sampling of heat exhaust gases without infringing the 
flameproof enclosure. 

Exhaust gases (83) 

29. The manager of every mine in which any diesel locomotive 
runs shall ensure that no such locomotive runs therein if- 

(a) in the case of a locomotive in a mine of stratified ironstone or 
of shale, being a locomotive which was in use before the first day of 
May, nineteen hundred and forty-nine or was required to be 
delivered under a contract made before that date, gas emitted from 
its exhaust contains more than 0.4 pet by volume of carbon monox- 
ide or 0.15 pet by volume of oxides of nitrogen; or 

(b) in any other case, gas emitted from its exhaust contains 
more than 0.2 pet by volume of carbon monoxide or 0.1 pet by 
volume of oxides of nitrogen. 

30. (1) No person for the time being operating any diesel 
locomotive in a mine shall keep the engine running when that 
locomotive is stationary except - 

(a) during brief halts while the locomotive is in use; or 
(h) while the locomotive is being tested. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

Exhaust gases (83) 

31. (1) The manager of every mine in which any diesel locomotive 
runs shall make and secure the efficient carrying out of ar- 
rangements whereby samples are taken by a competent person ap- 
pointed for the purpose by him and analysed in accordance with the 
following provisions of this regulation. 

(2) At intervals not exceeding ninety days separate samples of 
the gas emitted from the exhaust of every diesel locomotive in use 
in the mine shall be taken when the engine of the locomotive is- 

(a) developing maximum power; and 

(b) idling with the locomotive stationary. 

Exhaust protection devices to be cleaned or replaced once every 
24 hours running (82). 

Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

Exhaust gases (83) 

30. (2) If at any place in a mine in which a diesel locomotive runs 
there is found in the general body of the air an amount of carbon 



monoxide exceeding 0.005 pet by volume, the manager shall forth- 
with take such steps as are necessary so to improve the ventilation 
at that place so that the percentage of carbon monoxide is not ex- 
ceeded. 

(3) If at any place in a mine in which a diesel locomotive runs 
there is found in the general body of the air an amount of carbon 
monoxide exceeding 0.01 pet by volume, the manager shall ensure 
that no engine of a diesel locomotive is run at that place or at any 
other place at which such running could affect the ventilation at the 
first mentioned place until it has been determined that the amount 
of carbon monoxide in the general body of the air at the first men- 
tioned place does not exceed 0.005 pet by volume. 

Ventilation (&4) 

55. (2) Without prejudice to the general application of the forego- 
ing subsection - 

(a) ventilation produced in a part of a mine shall be deemed for 
the purposes of that subsection not to be adequate for the purpose 
of diluting carbon dioxide so as to render it harmless unless the 
amount thereof in the general body of the air in that part of the 
mine is not more than one and a quarter pet by volume or, if a 
smaller percentage by volume is prescribed, that smaller per- 
centage; 

(b) ventilation produced in a part of a mine shall be deemed for 
the purposes of that subsection not to be adequate for the purpose 
of providing air containing a sufficiency of oxygen unless the 
amount of oxygen in the general body of the air in that part of the 
mine is not less than 19 pet by volume. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

(3) At intervals not exceeding 30 days, separate samples of the 
general body of the air shall be taken at places and times appointed 
by the manager so as to secure the detection of any harmful concen- 
tration of carbon monoxide produced by any diesel locomotive. An 
inspector may by notice served on the manager require him to ap- 
point any place specified in the notice either instead of or in addi- 
tion to any place already appointed by the manager (83). 



Noise Standards 



Noise (81) 



77. The design of locomotives and vehicles must take into account 
the need to keep noise to the lowest practical levels consistent with 
current technology. The additional noise created when the 
locomotive or vehicle is moving should be taken into account when 
assessing overall noise levels. 

78. Noise levels, at the position of the driver's head, during nor- 
mal operations underground should, so far as is reasonably prac- 
ticable, be kept below 90 dB(A). 

79. Surveys should be made of emitted noise levels, both in the 
cab and at such position 0.5 m from the nearest part of the 
locomotive or vehicle as will give a representative picture of the 
noise emitted by the locomotive or vehicle, details of which, in- 
cluding the conditions of test chosen by the manufacturer, must be 
submitted to the Executive prior to the issue of the approval. 

80. Check tests may be made to establish the noise levels of new 
designs of locomotives and vehicles under service conditions, and 
any radical departure from the level specified in 78 may be con- 
sidered as justification for the revocation of an approval. 



Contact: Mr. I. A. Howieson 

HM Principal Inspector of Mechanical 

Engineering 
Regina House 
259 Old Marylebone Road 
London NW1 5RR, England 



66 



UNITED STATES 



The eight criteria for the United States have been sum- 
marized and presented in tables 1 through 6 following the 
"Introduction." The information presented in the tables was 
excerpted from the Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter 
30, Mineral Resources {1-7). 



Contact:Mine Safety and Health Administration 
4015 Wilson Blvd. 
Arlington, VA 22203 



YUGOSLAVIA 



The following regulations for Yugoslavia (85) describe 
the technical standards for machines with diesel engines 
that are used in underground non-gassy mines. For the pur- 
pose of these regulations diesel machines will be understood 
to be all types of machines used in underground mine work- 
ings (except for diesel locomotives). 

Types of Engines Permitted 

Article 5. As a rule, 4-stroke diesel engines are used for diesel 
machines with indirect injection of fuel (2-stage combustion), or 
engines with direct injection of fuel. 

Testing and Certification Procedures of Engine 
and Auxiliary Equipment 

Article 3. Diesel machines may not be used before they have been 
certified as suitable for use in underground mine workings in non- 
gassy mines, for which a certificate of suitability is issued. 

Article 4. Certification from Article 3 is issued by an organization 
of associated labor that is authorized to conduct such examinations 
in accordance with regulations of a republic or autonomous region. 

Fuel Quality Specifications 

Article 52. Fuels for diesel machines should conform to Yugoslav 
standards for diesel fuels, the instructions of the machinery 
manufacturer and the following requirements: 

(1) the ignition point of the fuel in a closed vessel (according to 
Abel-Pensk) should be below 60° C; 

(2) the content of sulfur in weight percent should be below 0.5; 

(3) the cetane number should be 45; 

(4) the fuel should not contain mechanical impurities. 

Engine Emission Control Requirements 

Article 5. The exhaust pipes of diesel machines must be directed 
upward and should be located so that fumes do not directly 
threaten the driver or assistant driver. 

The parts of the exhaust pipes that become heated during opera- 
tion of the engine must be protected against accidental contact and 
a hole be built into the pipes with a cap through which a probe can 
be placed to take samples of the exhaust gases. 

Article 41. The established values for concentration of soot in ex- 
haust from diesel machines for mine use can amount to no more 
than 50% of the maximum allowable values. 

Article 49. If the CO = 0.12% by volume in the exhaust gases of 
the diesel machines, the machine must be removed from operation. 

Procedures and Frequency of Testing Engine 
Exhaust Gases 

Article 49. (1) At the beginning of each shift a carbon monoxide 
(CO) reading must be taken in the exhaust gases of diesel machines 



in front of the gas filters. If the reading establishes that the value of 
CO = 0.12% by volume in the exhaust gases of the diesel machines, 
the machine must be removed from operation. 

After servicing (repair), suitability of the diesel machine must 
be recertified from Article 3 of these regulations. 

(5) Once a year chemical testing of the exhaust gases of diesel 
machine engines should be carried out. These tests should include 
oxygen, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and 
aldehydes. The content of soot in the exhaust gases should also be 
determined. 

Samples of exhaust gases for analysis should be taken from in 
front of and behind the filters, if filters are used. The results of 
chemical analysis should be kept at least 1 year, or until the next 
annual test. 

Article 50. Readings for carbon monoxide and other harmful 
gases and determination of the content of soot in the exhaust gases 
of diesel machine engines should be carried out more frequently 
than provided for by the provisions of Article 49 of these regula- 
tions, if it is found that the content of carbon monoxide or soot is 
close to the maximum values cited in Articles 40 and 41 of these 
regulations. 

Article 51. For each mine in which diesel machines are operating 
the following data must be recorded in the ventilation log or in a 
specially established log: 

(1) effective power of the engine of each diesel machine; 

(2) amount of gases that the diesel machine engine emits; 

(3) composition of the exhaust gases; 

(4) amount of fresh air required to dilute exhaust gases to max- 
imum permissible values given in Article 40 of these regulations. 



Mine Air Quality and Quantity Requirements 

Article 40. The composition of mine air must completely conform 
to Yugoslav standards concerning the maximum permissible con- 
centrations of harmful, dangerous and toxic gases, vapors, dusts, 
smoke, mineral powders etc. in the atmospheres of working spaces 
and work sites. 

In mine spaces where diesel machines are operating ventilation 
must be supplied so that the content of the oxygen in the air does 
not drop below 19% by volume. 

For hazardous gases that occur in the air of mine spaces where 
diesel machines are operating the maximum permissible concentra- 
tion at which work can continue without special protective devices 
is: 

(1) carbon monoxide (CO) -0.005% by volume; 

(2) carbon dioxide (CO 2 )-0.5% by volume; 

(3) nitric oxide (NO)-0.0025% by volume (as oxides of nitrogen 
NOJ- 0.0025% by volume; 

(4) nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 )-0.0005% by volume; 

(5) sulfur dioxide (S0 2 )- 0.0004% by volume; 

(6) formaldehyde -0.00008% by volume (as aldehydes 
(C n H n O)-0.0010% by volume); 

(7) acrolein -0.00001% by volume. 



67 



Procedures and Frequency of Testing Mine Air 
Quality and Quantity 

Article 39. Mines in which diesel machines are used must have 
mechanical ventilation by means of ventilators. 

Mine spaces in which diesel machines are operating must be 
specially ventilated by the compression or combined method of ven- 
tilation. 

Article 42. The amount of air required for ventilation of mine 
spaces in which diesel machines are operating is determined based 
on an approved mine design in agreement with the provisions of 
these regulations. 

In calculating the amount of air needed to dilute the exhaust 
gases to the maximum permissible values given in Article 40 of 
these regulations the participation of catalytic and water filters is 
not taken into account. 

Article 43. Work sites with required ventilation in which diesel 
machines are operating must be continuously ventilated during 
their operation in the manner provided for by the approved mine 
design. 

Stopping of ventilation and changing the direction of main air 
stream are only permitted in the manner provided for by the safety 
and rescue plans. 

Article 44. Portions of the mines where diesel machines are used 
represent a special ventilated section. 

In exceptional instances deviations from the provisions of 
paragraph 1 of this article can be made, but in so doing conditions 
must be ensured so that the concentration of harmful gases and 
soot remains within the prescribed limits and fire protection 
measures are intensified. 

The measures from paragraph 2 of this article are provided for in 
the safety and rescue plan. 

Article 45. The air stream is conveyed directly into the exhaust 
airstream of the mine from spaces in which exploration is being car- 
ried out or where new sections of the mine are being opened and in 
which diesel machines are operating. 

Article 46. Work sites for maintenance and repair of diesel 
machines should be ventilated with a fresh air stream and the gases 
created by diesel machines vented from the work site by ventilation 
ducts into the exhaust air stream. 

Article 47. The amount and temperature of air in ventilated sec- 
tions in which diesel machines are operating should be measured 
twice a month, as well as during each significant change in ventila- 
tion conditions. 



Article 48. In sections where diesel machines are operating the 
amount of air must not be reduced below the values provided for by 
the approved mine design, and if this occurs, the number of diesel 
machines in operation must be immediately reduced. 

Article 49. In mine spaces where diesel machines are operating 
the following chemical tests and indications of the mine air and ex- 
haust gases must be carried out: 

After servicing (repair), suitability of the diesel machine must be 
recertified from Article 3 of these regulations. 

(2) Every 15 days during operation of the largest number of 
diesel machines a carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) 
reading must be taken in the air in the mine spaces in which the 
diesel machines are operating. 

The readings are entered in the ventilation log; 

(3) Once every 3 months chemical testing of the mine air must 
be carried out by taking samples at work sites where diesel 
machines are operating and the temperature of the exhaust gases 
must be measured and the content of soot in them determined. 
Chemical tests must include oxygen (0 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO) and 
carbon dioxide (C0 2 ). 

Samples of mine air for chemical testing should be taken during 
operation of the largest number of diesel machines. The results of 
chemical analysis should be kept for at least 1 year, 

(4) Once a year chemical tests of mine air must be carried out at 
work sites where diesel machines are operating. These tests should 
include oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, 
oxides of nitrogen (as NO x ), and aldehydes. The results of the 
chemical tests should be kept at least one year (or until the next an- 
nual test). 



Noise Standards 

Not specified in available literature. 



Contact: Mr. P. Obradevic 
Mining Engineer 
Rudarski Institut 
Batajnicki Put 2 
Beograd-Zemun, Yugoslavia 



REFERENCES 10 



1. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. Title 30-Mineral 
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2. Title 30-Mineral Resources; Chapter I -Mine Safety 

and Health Administration, Department of Labor; Subchapter 
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3. Title 30-Mineral Resources; Chapter I -Mine Safety 

and Health Administration, Department of Labor; Subchapter 
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4. Title 30-Mineral Resources; Chapter I -Mine Safety 

and Health Administration, Department of Labor; Subchapter 
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10 A title enclosed in parentheses is a translation from the language in which 
the work was published. 



5. . Title 30-Mineral Resources; Chapter I -Mine Safety 

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6. Title 30-Mineral Resources; Chapter I -Mine Safety 

and Health Administration, Department of Labor; Subchapter 
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7. Title 30-Mineral Resources; Chapter I -Mine Safety 

and Health Administration, Department of Labor; Subchapter 
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1981, 76 pp. 



68 



11. Lloyd, M. R. (Londonderry Industrial Safety Centre, New 
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22. Dainty, E. D., and G. Lobay. Flameproof Diesel-Powered 
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24. Smith, T. (Alberta Workers' Health, Safety, and Compensa- 
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25. Ministry of Energy, Mines, and Petroleum Resources, British 
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28. Province of Manitoba. The Mines Act, Manitoba Regulation 
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30. Swartz, J. V. Coal Mining Health Standards in Canada. Libr. 
of Congr., Law Libr., Washington, DC, 1977, 92 pp. 

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33. Department of Labour and Manpower, Newfoundland. The 
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35. Metalliferous Mines and Quarries Regulation Act. 

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38. Government of Quebec. Regulations for the Health and Safe- 
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39. Province of Quebec. Rules Relative to the Quality of the Work 
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40. Province of Saskatchewan. Mines Regulations -Part XXII: 
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41. Office of the Commissioner, Yukon Territory. Mining Safety 
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42. Cormier, A. G. Letter to C. H. MacDonald, May 14, 1982; 
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Minneapolis, MN. 

44. Ministry of Minerals, Chile. Reglamento de Policia y 
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47. Ministry of Labor and Social Security, Colombia. Resolution 
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22, 1979, 64 pp.; transl. available from Natl. Transl. Ctr., Chicago, 
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48. Palmer, E. Coal Mining Health Standards in the Federal 
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50. Ministry of Commerce and Industry of Finland. Resolution 
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52. Minister of Industry, France. Memorandum to Interdepart- 
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Dublin, Ireland, S.I. No. 23B, 1971, 17 pp. 



69 



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67. Sobala, J. Zastosowanie napedow spalinowych w glebinowych 
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70. South African Bureau of Standards. Standard Specifications 
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74 Memorandum to J. N. Murphy, BuMines, Pittsburgh, 

PA, Aug. 7, 1982; available upon request from R. W. Waytulonis, 
BuMines, Minneapolis, MN. 

75. Swedish Labor Health and Safety Administration. Berg- 
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in Mines and Fragmenting, Breaking Rocks and Mountain Con- 
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76. Parliament of Sweden. Buller i Arbetslivet (Noises in Work 
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pp. 

77. Bachofen, G. (National Swiss Organization for Accident In- 
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18, 1982; available upon request from R. W. Waytulonis, BuMines, 
Minneapolis, MN. 

78. Swiss Accident Insurance Institute. Richtlinien zur Verhtiing 
von Unfallen und Berufskrankheiten bei der Durchfuhrung von 
Untertagarbeiten (Accident Prevention, Guidelines for Prevention 
of Accidents and Occupational Diseases in the Performance of 
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79. Institute for Highway Construction and Underground Works 
of the Federal Polytechnical School of Zurich, Switzerland. Ventila- 
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80. Ministry of the Coal Industry of the U.S.S.R. 
Herstellungsvorshriften fur Transportmittel mit Dieselantrieb in 
Kohle-und Schieferbergwerken (Production Regulations for Diesel- 
Driven Transport in Coal and Shale Mines). Makejewka-Donbass, 
Makejewka, Donezker Gobiet, Lichatschewa 60, 1974; Transl. from 
Russian to German; then from German to English; transl. available 
from Natl. Transl. Ctr., Chicago, IL. 

81. Health and Safety Executive, United Kingdom. Test and Ap- 
proval of Diesel and Storage Battery Powered Locomotives and 
Trackless Vehicles and Diesel Powered Equipment for Use 
Underground in Mines. Testing Memo 12, Dec. 1977, 40 pp. 

82. Cook, H. G. Memorandum to J. N. Murphy, BuMines, Pitts- 
burgh, PA, May 21, 1982; available upon request from R. W. 
Waytulonis, BuMines, Minneapolis, MN. 

83. Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Coal and Other Mines 
(Locomotives) Regulations. S.I. No. 1771, 1956, pp. 163-175. 

84. Health and Safety Executive, United Kingdom. The Law 
Relating to Safety and Health in Mines and Quarries. Part 1. Her 
Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England, 1972, 207 pp. 

85. Assembly of Yugoslavia. (Regulations Concerning Technical 
Standard for Machines With Diesel Engines Used in Underground 
Mine Workings in Non-Gassy Mines.) No. 11-91-13290/1, Aug. 10, 
1978, 29 pp.; transl. available from Natl. Transl. Ctr., Chicago, IL. 



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